- 1. Acquisition of species-specific perfume blends: influence of habitat-dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees (Euglossa spp.).
Male orchid bees (Euglossini, Apidae, Hymenoptera) expose species-specific blends of volatile chemicals (perfume bouquets) during their courtship display. The perfumes are acquired by collecting fragrant substances from environmental sources, which are then accumulated in specialised hind leg pouches. To balance the perfume composition, the males need to find and collect the required substances in specific relative amounts while facing seasonal, local or habitat-dependent differences in compound availability. Experience-dependent choice of odours, i.e. 'learned avoidance' of recently collected components, has been proposed as the mechanism that mediates the accumulation of the stereotypical compound ratios. In the present study, we used the presence of certain compounds in male hind leg pouches as proxy for the respective local compound availability, and investigated whether differences in content are correlated with differences in chemical choice assays. Our results suggest that volatile availability differs between localities (n = 16) as well as habitats (n = 2; coastal vs. inland) across the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, for both studied species. Male Euglossa dilemma showed a pronounced preference for benzyl benzoate and eugenol at locations where those compounds were rare in hind leg extracts, as predicted by the learned avoidance model. No equivalent correlations were found for Euglossa viridissima. This is the first study to combine chemical analyses of perfumes with bioassays of odour choice. It strengthens the view that negative feedback from collected odours modifies future chemical choice and helps males to acquire specific perfume blends....(more)
Pokorny T, et al. Oecologia 2013 Feb 27.
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- 2. Functional Analysis of a Rice Oxidosqualene Cyclase through Total Gene Synthesis.
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- 3. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in selected food commodities of Asian origin sourced in the West of Scotland.
The occurrence of Aspergillus moulds and aflatoxins in 12 commercially-available dried foods of Asian origin were examined. All food samples, except green beans and three types of dried fruit, contained multiple genera of moulds of which Aspergillus (55%) was the most frequently detected. Penicillium (15%), Rhizopus (11%), Mucor (3%), Monascus (1%), Eurotium (1%) and unidentified (14%) were also observed. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic moulds, however, did not correspond with the occurrence of aflatoxins in foods. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. (39 isolates) were recovered from long grain rice, fragrant rice, peanuts, black beans and black pepper. The predominant Aspergillus species was A. parasiticus (61%) while Aspergillus oryzae (3%), Aspergillus utus (5%), Aspergillus niger (5%), Aspergillus ochraceus (3%) and unidentified (23%) were also observed. Long grain rice, fragrant rice, peanuts, black beans and black pepper were positive for Aspergillus but contained undetectable aflatoxins. In contrast, Jasmine brown rice and crushed chilli contained 14.7 and 11.4μg/kg of total aflatoxins, respectively, in the absence of Aspergillus so aflatoxigenic Aspergillus was present at some stage of food production. The results from this study emphasise the need for stricter control measures in reducing occurrence of aflatoxins in foods for export and domestic use.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Ruadrew S, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 May;55:653-8.
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- 4. New Biotransformation Process for Production of the Fragrant Compound γ-Dodecalactone from 10-Hydroxystearate by Permeabilized Waltomyces lipofer Cells.
A new biotransformation process for the production of the flavor lactone was developed by using permeabilized Waltomyces lipofer, which was selected as an efficient γ-dodecalactone-producing yeast among 10 oleaginous yeast strains. The optimal reaction conditions for γ-dodecalactone production by permeabilized W. lipofer cells were pH 6.5, 35°C, 200 rpm, 0.7 M Tris, 60 g/liter of 10-hydroxystearic acid, and 30 g/liter of cells. Under these conditions, nonpermeabilized cells produced 12 g/liter of γ-dodecalactone after 30 h, with a conversion yield of 21% (wt/wt) and a productivity of 0.4 g/liter/h, whereas permeabilized cells obtained after sequential treatments with 50% ethanol and 0.5% Triton X-100 produced 46 g/liter of γ-dodecalactone after 30 h, with a conversion yield of 76% (wt/wt) and a productivity of 1.5 g/liter/h. These values were 3.7- and 3.8-fold higher than those obtained using nonpermeabilized cells. These are the highest reported concentration, conversion yield, and productivity for the production of the bioflavor lactone....(more)
An JU, et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013 Apr;79(8):2636-41.
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- 5. Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre). A review of traditional use based on current research.
Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (previously: Ledum palustre) is a fragrant evergreen shrub found in peaty soils in northern Europe, Asia and North America, commonly referred to as wild rosemary, marsh tea, marsh rosemary or northern Labrador tea. At least since the eighteenth century it has been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various ailments, such as rheumatism, cough, cold and insect bites, as well as a repellent. The essential oil of wild rosemary with the rich polyphenolic fraction possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and insecticidal potential, demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, recent scientific research reported the promising antidiabetic, antioxidant and anticancer properties. This review summarizes the information concerning taxonomy, botany, ecology, chemical composition, biological activities, toxicology and traditional and contemporary application of Rhododendron tomentosum plants.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Dampc A, et al. Fitoterapia 2013 Mar;85:130-43.
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- 6. Fragrant volatile oil composition of Nutmeg Geranium (Pelargonium × fragrans Willd.) from India.
Hydrodistilled essential oil of 'Nutmeg Geranium' (Pelargonium × fragrans Willd.), grown in foothills of northern India was analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC/flame ionisation detector (FID)) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 51 constituents, representing 90.2% of the total oil composition were identified. The oil was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids (58.4%), followed by sesquiterpenoids (19.4%), and phenyl propanoids (10.1%). Major constituents of the essential oil were fenchone (10.7%), methyl eugenol (9.9%), α-pinene (9.4%), α-thujene (7.6%), limonene (6.4%), spathulenol (4.7%), sabinene (4.3%), linalool (4.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (4.2%), terpinen-4-ol (3.2%), β-pinene (2.9%), caryophyllene oxide (2.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (2.1%). This is the first report on essential oil composition of Nutmeg Geranium oil grown in India....(more)
Verma RS, et al. Nat Prod Res 2013 Apr;27(8):761-6.
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- 7. [Simultaneous determination of 14 restricted substances in flavor and fragrant by ultra high performance liquid chromatography].
An ultra high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the separation and determination of 14 restricted substances in flavor and fragrant samples. The sample was extracted by 10% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution containing 1% (v/v) ammonia. The 14 analytes were separated in 12 min on a Waters BEH C18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 microm) using acetonitrile and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution (containing 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid) as mobile phases with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and 35 degrees C, and detected by a diode array detector scanned from 200 nm to 500 nm. The regression equations revealed acceptable linearity (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.995 0 to 0.999 9) in the range of 0.10 - 50 mg/L for the 14 analytes. The limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.32 mg/kg to 2.51 mg/kg. The recoveries of the 14 analytes spiked in real samples at 5, 10 and 20 mg/L were 93.0% - 121% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.51% - 4.50%. With the advantages of accessibility, high sensitivity and good reproducibility, this simple method can be used in the simultaneous determination of the restricted substances in flavor and fragrant samples....(more)
Li J, et al. Se Pu 2012 Aug;30(8):816-21. Chinese.
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- 8. Simultaneous determination of five flavonoids during the growth of Fructus Sophorae by capillary electrophoresis.
A method of simultaneous determination of five flavonoids during the growth of Fructus Sophorae by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-) modified capillary zone electrophoresis was developed. The effects of various parameters such as buffer concentration, pH, applied voltage, and β-CD concentrations were investigated. After a series of optimization processes, the determination of five flavonoids in Fructus Sophorae was successfully achieved in 20 mmol/L borax buffer (pH 9.5), 25 kV applied voltage, and 8 mmol/L β-CD. The linearity, detection limits, repeatability, and recovery were satisfactory. Thus, the proposed β-CD-modified capillary zone electrophoresis method was satisfactorily used to analyze Fructus Sophorae samples. The results can be useful for the quality control and medicinal resource development of Fructus Sophorae....(more)
Li YM. Arch Pharm Res 2013 Apr 19.
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- 9. Application of response surface methodology to optimise extraction of flavonoids from fructus sophorae.
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimise the extraction conditions for flavonoids from fructus sophorae with advantages in terms of resisting flavonoids during the whole process and maximising of extraction yield. Three aglycon forms of the flavonoids, namely, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) to estimate extraction yield. The combined effects of independent variables were studied and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained as ethanol concentration, 74.47%; solid-liquid ratio, 17.99 ml/g; temperature, 89.13°C; and extraction time, 2.10h. The reliability of the method was confirmed by recovery experiments, performed under optimal conditions. Recoveries indicated that flavonoids resisted the extraction conditions. The experimental extraction yield under optimal conditions was found to be 10.459%, which was well matched with the predicted values of 10.461%.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Xu Q, et al. Food Chem 2013 Jun 15;138(4):2122-9.
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- 10. Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of six flavonoids from Fructus Sophorae extract in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS.
In this study, a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of six flavonoids including sophoricoside, genistin, genistein, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in rat plasma after oral administration of Fructus Sophorae extract using sulfamethalazole as internal standard (IS). The plasma samples were pretreated and extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a C(18) column with a simple linear gradient elution. The detection was accomplished by multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning after electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in the negative ionization mode. The optimized mass transition ion pairs (m/z) for quantitation were 431.1/267.9 for sophoricoside and genistin, 269.0/133.0 for genistein, 609.2/300.0 for rutin, 301.0/150.9 for quercetin, 284.9/93.0 for kaempferol and 252.0/155.9 for IS. The total run time was 8.0 min. Full validation of the assay was implemented including specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and matrix effect. This is the first report on determination of the major flavones in rat plasma after oral administration of Fructus Sophorae extract. The results provided a meaningful basis for the clinical application of this herb.
Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V....(more)
Chang L, et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012 Sep 1;904:59-64.
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- 11. Biotransformation of sophoricoside in Fructus sophorae by the fungus Schizophyllum commune.
Biotransformation of sophoricoside in Fructus sophorae was performed with Schizophyllum commune. Sophoricoside was firstly metabolized to 4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2), and then to 4',7-dihydroxy-5-methoxyisoflavone (3) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (4) as determined by NMR and MS analyzes. The content of compound (2) was increased by more than 30-fold, and compound (3) is a new product that showed good cytotoxic activity with an IC(50) of 12.1 nmol/ml against MCF-7 cells.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Wu J, et al. Bioresour Technol 2012 May;111:496-9.
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- 12. Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids.
BACKGROUND:
Haemorrhoids is a common perianal disease, which often causes haematochezia. Besides a surgical operation or minimally invasive treatment, a variety of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs (TCMHs) have been used to treat bleeding haemorrhoids.
OBJECTIVES:
To assess the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids and the adverse effects caused by these herbs.
SEARCH STRATEGY:
We searched the Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Contolled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CMCD (Chinese Medicine Conference Disc) and CBMD (Chinese Bio-Medicine Disc).
SELECTION CRITERIA:
All randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of Chinese herbs for bleeding haemorrhoids were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
Two authors independently extracted the data, which were analysed using RevMan 5.0 software. We estimated the relative risk for dichotomous data and calculated the weighted mean difference for continuous data.
MAIN RESULTS:
Nine trials involving 1822 patients with bleeding haemorrhoids were identified. The included trials were generally not of high quality and used one TCMH preparation compared with another TCMH preparation (Type I) (five trials) or western medicines (Type II) (four trials). We could not pool the data to perform a meta-analysis as only two of the included trials used the same intervention or comparison.In the nine trials, TCMHs showed a statistically significant difference for the improvement in the general curative effects or total grade of symptoms in six trials (P < 0.05; P < 0.01), of hematochezia in three trials (P < 0.05; P < 0.001), and of inflammation of perianal mucosa in one trial (P < 0.05). The adverse effects reported were not serious and were scarce.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
This review did not provide strong evidence concerning the effectiveness of TCMHs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids. Most of the included studies were of low quality and there was a scarcity of eligible trials and numbers of participants. Limited, weak evidence showed that some herbal formulae, when including Radix Sanguisorbae, Radix Rehmanniae, Fructus Sophorae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Scutellariae, etc., may alleviate some symptoms caused by haemorrhoids. These include hematochezia, congestive haemorrhoidal cushions and inflammation of perianal mucosa in the short term. Well-designed clinical trials are required urgently before any confident conclusions can be drawn about the value of TCMHs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids.At present, the evidence is not enough that clinical practice should be changed immediately on the basis of these results....(more)
Gan T, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 Oct 6;(10):CD006791.
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- 13. Flavonol tetraglycosides from fruits of Styphnolobium japonicum (Leguminosae) and the authentication of Fructus Sophorae and Flos Sophorae.
The dried fruits and seeds of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (syn. Sophora japonica L.) are used in traditional Chinese medicine and known as Fructus Sophorae or Huai Jiao. The major flavonoids in these fruits and seeds were studied by LC-MS and other spectroscopic techniques to aid the chemical authentication of Fructus Sophorae. Among the flavonoids were two previously unreported kaempferol glycosides: kaempferol 3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-galactopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)[beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-glucopyranoside, the structures of which were determined by NMR. Two further tetraglycosides were identified for the first time in S. japonicum as kaempferol 3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-galactopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside; the latter was the main flavonoid in mature seeds. The chromatographic profiles of 27 recorded flavonoids were relatively consistent among fruits of similar ages collected from five trees of S. japonicum, and those of maturing unripe and ripe fruits were similar to a market sample of Fructus Sophorae, and thus provide useful markers for authentication of this herbal ingredient. The flower buds (Huai Mi) and flowers (Huai Hua) of S. japonicum (collectively Flos Sophorae) contained rutin as the main flavonoid and lacked the flavone glycosides that were present in flower buds and flowers of Sophora flavescens Ait., reported to be occasional substitutes for Flos Sophorae. The single major flavonoid in fruits of S. flavescens was determined as 3'-hydroxydaidzein....(more)
Kite GC, et al. Phytochemistry 2009 Apr;70(6):785-94.
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- 14. From traditional European medicine to discovery of new drug candidates for the treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
The leading Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics to date involves inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which should, in principle, elevate cholinergic signaling and limit inflammation. In spite of the effectiveness in 20%-30% of AD patients, more attention has been paid to find new anti-AChE agents from medicinal plants. Galanthamine, contained in the bulbs and flowers of Galanthus and related genera like Narcissus, represents a good example. The aim of this study is to review the role of possible AChE inhibitors (AChEI) present in plants traditionally used in European medicine for improving memory. Starting from Galanthamine, properties of Melissa species, Salvia officinalis, Arnica chamissonis and Ruta graveolens are discussed to point to the role of these plants as potential sources for the development of therapeutic agents for AD....(more)
Russo P, et al. Curr Med Chem 2013;20(8):976-83.
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- 15. Elicitation of galanthamine production by leucojum aestivum shoots grown in temporary immersion system.
The influence of different elicitors (copper sulfate, silver nitrate, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate), on both the growth and alkaloid production of Leucojum aestivum shoots grown in a temporary immersion system was studied. Seven Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and three protoalkaloids were quantitatively determined by GC-MS analysis in leaves and bulblets, separately. Methyl jasmonate was found to significantly improve the production of galanthamine (GAL) in both leaves and bulblets. The content of GAL released to the liquid nutrient medium was also measured. The release of GAL into the liquid medium took place mainly in the first 2 weeks determined by harvesting the liquid nutrient medium after 2 weeks and measuring the GAL content (1st subculturing step). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29: 311-318, 2013....(more)
Schumann A, et al. Biotechnol Prog 2013 Mar;29(2):311-8.
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- 16. Physostigmine and galanthamine bind in the presence of agonist at the canonical and noncanonical subunit interfaces of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Galanthamine and physostigmine are clinically used cholinomimetics that both inhibit acetylcholinesterase and also interact directly with and potentiate nAChRs. As with most nAChR-positive allosteric modulators, the location and number of their binding site(s) within nAChRs are unknown. In this study, we use the intrinsic photoreactivities of [(3)H]physostigmine and [(3)H]galanthamine upon irradiation at 312 nm to directly identify amino acids contributing to their binding sites in the Torpedo californica nAChR. Protein sequencing of fragments isolated from proteolytic digests of [(3)H]physostigmine- or [(3)H]galanthamine-photolabeled nAChR establish that, in the presence of agonist (carbamylcholine), both drugs photolabeled amino acids on the complementary (non-α) surface of the transmitter binding sites (γTyr-111/γTyr-117/δTyr172). They also photolabeled δTyr-212 at the δ-β subunit interface and γTyr-105 in the vestibule of the ion channel, with photolabeling of both residues enhanced in the presence of agonist. Furthermore, [(3)H]physostigmine photolabeling of γTyr-111, γTyr-117, δTyr-212, and γTyr-105 was inhibited in the presence of nonradioactive galanthamine. The locations of the photolabeled amino acids in the nAChR structure and the results of computational docking studies provide evidence that, in the presence of agonist, physostigmine and galanthamine bind to at least three distinct sites in the nAChR extracellular domain: at the α-γ interface (1) in the entry to the transmitter binding site and (2) in the vestibule of the ion channel near the level of the transmitter binding site, and at the δ-β interface (3) in a location equivalent to the benzodiazepine binding site in GABA(A) receptors....(more)
Hamouda AK, et al. J Neurosci 2013 Jan 9;33(2):485-94.
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- 17. Seasonal accumulation of major alkaloids in organs of pharmaceutical crop Narcissus Carlton.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (L.) cv. Carlton is being cultivated as a main source of galanthamine from the bulbs. After galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine are the next most abundant alkaloids in this cultivar. Both these compounds are promising chemical scaffolds for potential anticancer drugs. For further research and drug development, a reliable supply of these compounds will be needed. In this study a field experiment was conducted to investigate the levels of galanthamine, haemanthamine and narciclasine in plants of N. pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton. In a field experiment alkaloids in the bulbs, leaves and roots were analyzed by quantitative (1)H NMR to monitor the variations during the growing season. Major primary and secondary metabolites were identified in the various plant parts. Multivariate data analysis was performed on the (1)H NMR spectra to investigate how metabolites changed in the plant organs over time. The results show that the leaves have relatively high concentrations of the alkaloids before flowering. The bulbs had lower concentrations of the compounds of interest but would have a higher total yield of alkaloids due to bigger biomass. Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton represents a good source of galanthamine, and can potentially be a source of the other major alkaloids depending on choice of organ and harvest time....(more)
Lubbe A, et al. Phytochemistry 2013 Apr;88:43-53.
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- 18. Acetylcholinesterase immobilized capillary reactors-tandem mass spectrometry: an on-flow tool for ligand screening.
The use of immobilized capillary enzyme reactors (ICERs) for online ligand screening has been adopted as a new technique for high-throughput screening (HTS). In this work, the selected target was the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the AChE-ICERs produced were used in a liquid chromatograph-tandem ion-trap mass spectrometer. The activity and kinetic parameters were evaluated by monitoring the choline's precursor ion (M + H)(+)m/z 104.0 and its ion fragment (C2H3OH) - (M + H)(+)m/z 60.0. The assay method was validated using the reference AChE inhibitors tacrine and galanthamine. Two new ligands, out of a library of 17 coumarin derivatives, were identified, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), inhibition constant (K(i)), and the inhibition mechanism were determined. A coumarin derivative with IC50 similar to tacrine was highlighted....(more)
Vanzolini KL, et al. J Med Chem 2013 Mar 14;56(5):2038-44.
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- 19. Laser-inflicted injury of zebrafish embryonic skeletal muscle.
Various experimental approaches have been used in mouse to induce muscle injury with the aim to study muscle regeneration, including myotoxin injections (bupivacaine, cardiotoxin or notexin), muscle transplantations (denervation-devascularization induced regeneration), intensive exercise, but also murine muscular dystrophy models such as the mdx mouse (for a review of these approaches see). In zebrafish, genetic approaches include mutants that exhibit muscular dystrophy phenotypes (such as runzel or sapje) and antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos that block the expression of dystrophy-associated genes. Besides, chemical approaches are also possible, e.g. with Galanthamine, a chemical compound inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thereby resulting in hypercontraction, which eventually leads to muscular dystrophy. However, genetic and pharmacological approaches generally affect all muscles within an individual, whereas the extent of physically inflicted injuries are more easily controlled spatially and temporally. Localized physical injury allows the assessment of contralateral muscle as an internal control. Indeed, we recently used laser-mediated cell ablation to study skeletal muscle regeneration in the zebrafish embryo, while another group recently reported the use of a two-photon laser (822 nm) to damage very locally the plasma membrane of individual embryonic zebrafish muscle cells. Here, we report a method for using the micropoint laser (Andor Technology) for skeletal muscle cell injury in the zebrafish embryo. The micropoint laser is a high energy laser which is suitable for targeted cell ablation at a wavelength of 435 nm. The laser is connected to a microscope (in our setup, an optical microscope from Zeiss) in such a way that the microscope can be used at the same time for focusing the laser light onto the sample and for visualizing the effects of the wounding (brightfield or fluorescence). The parameters for controlling laser pulses include wavelength, intensity, and number of pulses. Due to its transparency and external embryonic development, the zebrafish embryo is highly amenable for both laser-induced injury and for studying the subsequent recovery. Between 1 and 2 days post-fertilization, somitic skeletal muscle cells progressively undergo maturation from anterior to posterior due to the progression of somitogenesis from the trunk to the tail. At these stages, embryos spontaneously twitch and initiate swimming. The zebrafish has recently been recognized as an important vertebrate model organism for the study of tissue regeneration, as many types of tissues (cardiac, neuronal, vascular etc.) can be regenerated after injury in the adult zebrafish....(more)
Otten C, et al. J Vis Exp 2013 Jan 30;(71):e4351.
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- 20. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic etherification using chiral biphenol-based diphosphinite ligands and its application for the formal total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine.
A library of novel chiral biphenol-based diphosphinite (BOP) ligands was designed and created. These BOP ligands were applied to a Pd-catalyzed intermolecular allylic etherification reaction, which provided a key intermediate for the formal total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine with 97% ee in 97% yield....(more)
Zang Y, et al. J Org Chem 2013 Apr 19;78(8):4013-8.
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- 21. Design, synthesis and evaluation of flavonoid derivatives as potential multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease.
A new series of flavonoid derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential multifunctional AChE inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. Most of them exhibited potent AChE inhibitory activity, high selectivity for AChE over BuChE, and moderate to good inhibitory potency toward Aβ aggregation. Specifically, compound 12c was the strongest AChE inhibitor, being 20-fold more potent than galanthamine and twofold more potent than tacrine, and it also had ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation (close to the reference compound) and to function as a metal chelator. Molecular modeling and enzyme kinetic study revealed that it targeted both the catalytic active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE. Consequently, this class of compounds deserved to be thoroughly and systematically studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease....(more)
Li RS, et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013 May 1;23(9):2636-41.
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- 22. Novel racemic tetrahydrocurcuminoid dihydropyrimidinone analogues as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
The synthesis of racemic tetrahydrocurcumin- (THC-), tetrahydrodemethoxycurcumin- (THDC-) and tetrahydrobisdemethoxycurcumin- (THBDC-) dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) analogues was achieved by utilizing the multi-component Biginelli reaction in the presence of copper sulphate as a catalyst. The evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease of these compounds showed that they exhibited higher inhibitory activity than their parent analogues. THBDC-DHPM demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 1.34±0.03μM which was more active than the approved drug galanthamine (IC50=1.45±0.04μM)....(more)
Arunkhamkaew S, et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013 May 15;23(10):2880-2.
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- 23. Microwave assisted synthesis, cholinesterase enzymes inhibitory activities and molecular docking studies of new pyridopyrimidine derivatives.
A series of hitherto unreported pyrido-pyrimidine-2-ones/pyrimidine-2-thiones were synthesized under microwave assisted solvent free reaction conditions in excellent yields and evaluated in vitro for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes inhibitory activity. Among the pyridopyrimidine derivatives, 7e and 7l displayed 2.5- and 1.5-fold higher enzyme inhibitory activities against AChE as compared to standard drug, galanthamine, with IC50 of 0.80 and 1.37μM, respectively. Interestingly, all the compounds except 6k, 7j and 7k displayed higher inhibitory potential against BChE enzyme in comparison to standard with IC50 ranging from 1.18 to 18.90μM. Molecular modeling simulations of 7e and 7l was performed using three-dimensional structure of Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) enzymes to disclose binding interaction and orientation of these molecule into the active site gorge of respective receptors....(more)
Basiri A, et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2013 Apr 1.
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- 24. Preliminary extraction of tannins by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide and its subsequent removal from Galla chinensis extract using macroporous resins.
In recent years, ionic liquids have become increasingly attractive as 'green solvents' used in the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural plant. However, the separation of ionic liquid from the target compounds was difficult, due to their low vapour pressure and high stabilities. In our study, ionic liquid-based ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction was used to obtain the crude tannins, then the macroporous resin adsorption technology was further employed to purify the tannins and remove the ionic liquid from crude extract. The results showed that XDA-6 had higher separation efficiency than other tested resins, and the equilibrium experimental data were well fitted to Langmuir isotherms. Dynamic adsorption and desorption were performed on XDA-6 packed in glass columns to optimise the separation process. The optimum conditions as follows: the ratio of column height to diameter bed was 1:8, flow rate 1 BV/h (bed volume per hour), 85% ethanol was used as eluant while the elution volume was 2 BV. Under the optimised conditions, the adsorption and desoption rate of tannins in XDA-6 were 94.81 and 91.63%, respectively. The content of tannins was increased from 70.24% in Galla chinensis extract to 85.12% with a recovery of 99.06%. The result of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS analysis showed that [bmim]Br could be removed from extract....(more)
Lu C, et al. J Sep Sci 2013 Mar;36(5):959-64.
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- 25. Characterization of dentin matrix biomodified by Galla chinensis extract.
INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this study was to systemically investigate the potential of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) to interact with the dentin matrix to improve its biochemical and biomechanical properties and structural stability.
METHODS:
The fully demineralized dentin matrices were prepared and biomodified by 0.4% and 4% GCE solutions, with 5% glutaraldehyde and distilled deionized water as positive and negative controls, respectively. The GCE-dentin matrix interaction was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biomodification effects of GCE on the biochemical, biomechanical, and structural properties were assessed by a series of assays including denaturation temperature, swelling ratio and enzymatic biodegradation rate, elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS:
GCE could interact with dentin matrix through formation of hydrogen bonds. Compared with negative control, the GCE and glutaraldehyde-treated dentin matrix showed significantly higher denaturation temperature, lowered swelling ratio, and reduced biodegradability against enzymatic digestion. GCE treatment significantly increased elastic modulus values of dentin matrix in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Biomodification by GCE maintained the ultimate tensile strength and structural integrity of dentin matrix after storage in proteolytic conditions.
CONCLUSIONS:
GCE can stabilize the dentin matrix against thermal and proteolytic challenges, improve its biomechanical properties, and maintain its structural integrity with long duration. The mechanism is probably due to the formation of GCE-dentin matrix complex.
Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Deng M, et al. J Endod 2013 Apr;39(4):542-7.
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- 26. Effect of pH on Galla chinensis extract's stability and anti-caries properties in vitro.
OBJECTIVES:
Considering that Galla chinensis extract (GCE) solution has a low pH, which might dissolve dental enamel, we investigated the effects of elevation of pH on GCE stability, and on its anti-caries properties.
DESIGNS:
Stability of GCE solutions, either in H(2)O (pH less than 4.0) or when buffered at pH 5.5, 7.0 and 10.0, was assessed from UV-VIS spectra. Inhibition of enamel demineralization was determined in a pH-cycling set up, comprising treatments with either GCE solutions or negative control buffers and acid and neutral buffer immersions. Demineralization was assessed by calcium in the acetate buffers. To determine antimicrobial properties, polymicrobial biofilms were formed after saliva inoculation on glass surfaces which were treated after 48 h. Treatment output parameters were lactic acid formation and viability, the latter by colony forming unit (CFU) counts.
RESULTS:
At pH 7.0 and higher GCE solutions changed colour and absorption spectra in UV-VIS, indicative of chemical changes. Regarding enamel demineralization, significant inhibitions (P<0.05) were found for all GCE treatments when compared with corresponding controls. In polymicrobial biofilms, GCE reduced the acid production, compared with the negative controls (P<0.05). However, this difference was only significant at the lower pH values.
CONCLUSIONS:
GCE solutions were unstable under neutral and alkaline conditions. pH did not significantly influence the inhibiting effect of GCE on enamel demineralization. However, GCE was not effective on polymicrobial biofilms at alkaline pH (8.5). To avoid enamel damage due to acidic treatment, GCE solutions should be used at about pH 5.5.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Huang X, et al. Arch Oral Biol 2012 Aug;57(8):1093-9.
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- 27. Effect of Galla chinensis on the remineralization of two bovine root lesions morphous in vitro.
The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Galla chinensis compounds on the remineralization of two artificial root lesions morphous in vitro. Sixty bovine dentine blocks were divided into two groups and individually treated with two levels of demineralization solutions to form erosive and subsurface artificial carious lesions in vitro. Each group was then divided into three subgroups, each of which were treated with a remineralization solution (positive control), deionized water (negative control), or 4 000 mg⋅L(-1) aqueous solutions of Galla chinensis extract. The dentine blocks were then subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 7 days. During the first 4 days, the daily cycle included 21-h deal and 3-h demineralization applications. The dentine blocks were dealt with the entire day during the remaining 3 days. Two specimens from each of the treatment groups were selected and observed under a polarized light microscope. Data collected using a laser scanning confocal microscope were computerized and analyzed. Galla chinensis extract clearly enhanced the remineralization of both erosive lesion and subsurface lesion patterns in the specimens (P<0.05). The level of remineralization of the erosive lesion by Galla chinensis extract was lower than that of the subsurface lesion (P<0.05). In addition, the remineralization of the subsurface lesion by Galla chinensis extract was higher than that of the remineralization solution (P<0.05). No significant difference between the remineralization of erosive lesions by Galla chinensis extract and the remineralization solution was observed (P>0.05). So Galla chinensis extract has the potential to improve the remineralization of artificial root lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions, indicating its potential use as a natural remineralization medicine....(more)
Guo B, et al. Int J Oral Sci 2012 Sep;4(3):152-6.
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- 28. Chemical composition of Galla chinensis extract and the effect of its main component(s) on the prevention of enamel demineralization in vitro.
To determine the chemical composition of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) by several analysis techniques and to compare the efficacy of GCE and its main component(s) in inhibition of enamel demineralization, for the development of future anticaries agents, main organic composition of GCE was qualitatively determined by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Inorganic ions were tested by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and F was especially measured by ion chromatography. Then, bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 times. Each cycle included 5-min applications with one of four treatments: 4 g⋅L(-1) GCE solution, 4 g⋅L(-1) gallic acid (GA) solution, 1 g⋅L(-1) NaF solution (positive control), deionized water (DDW, negative control), and then 60-min application in pH 5.0 acidic buffer and 5-min application in neutral buffer. Acidic buffers were retained for calcium analysis. The main organic composition of GCE were GA and its isomer, and, to a lesser extent, small molecule gallotannins. The content of GA in GCE was 71.3%±0.2% (w/w). Inorganic ions were present in various amounts, of which Ca was (136±2.82) µg⋅g(-1), and Zn was (6.8±0.1) µg⋅g(-1). No F was detected in GCE. In pH cycling, GA showed an effect similar to GCE in inhibiting enamel demineralization (P>0.05). GA was found to be the main effective, demineralization inhibiting component of GCE and could be a promising agent for the development of anticaries agents....(more)
Huang XL, et al. Int J Oral Sci 2012 Sep;4(3):146-51.
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- 29. Effect of Galla chinensis on growth and metabolism of microcosm biofilms.
Galla chinensis extract (GCE) interferes with de- and remineralization of dental enamel and the growth and metabolism in planktonic bacteria. However, no information is available on GCE effects on biofilms formed with saliva as inoculum. The aim of the current experiments was to investigate the effects of GCE at different stages of salivary microcosm biofilm formation. Biofilms formed on glass or enamel surfaces were treated with GCE solutions at different concentrations and at different time points. Effects were assessed by lactic acid formation and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the biofilms. The results showed that GCE treatments inhibited growth and acid metabolism of both nascent and mature microcosm biofilms. Pretreatment of the substratum with GCE solutions inhibited growth and lactic acid production of biofilms grown on enamel, but had little effects on biofilms formed on glass surfaces. A maximum GCE effect was found when biofilms, on either surface type, were treated after 8 h of formation with 40 h of subsequent growth. In medium with sucrose-fermenting biofilms, low concentrations of GCE (0.2 and 0.1 mg/ml) inhibited acid production without killing bacteria of the biofilm. Differences were found in GCE effects on biofilms formed with saliva from different donors, with reductions in acid formation and CFU values ranging between 0 and 78%. In conclusion, bioactive components in GCE reduce or inhibit both growth and lactic acid formation in biofilms....(more)
Cheng L, et al. Caries Res 2011;45(2):87-92.
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- 30. [Comparison of the enhanced remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions treated with original and neutral Galla chinensis in vitro].
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the effect of original and neutral Galla chinensis in promoting the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro and to investigate the influence of Galla chinensis with different pH on the promoting effect.
METHODS:
Bovine sound enamel slabs were demineralized to produce initial carious lesion in vitro. Then the lesions were exposed to a pH-cycling regime for 12 days. Each daily cycle included 4 × 1 min application of one of four treatments: distilled and deionized water (DDW), aqueous solutions of NaF, acidic or neutral aqueous solutions of Galla chinensis extract (GCE). Before and after pH-cycling, the surface topography of the enamel slabs was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the integrated mineral loss and lesion depth of all the specimens were analysed by transverse microradiography.
RESULTS:
AFM images revealed the surface topographical changes of GCE-treated enamel. The percentage change of integrated mineral loss (ΔIML%) of the samples of NaF group, DDW group, pH 3.8 GCE group and pH 7.0 GCE group was (-38 ± 14)%, (+43 ± 7)%, (-10 ± 4)% and (-11 ± 4)% respectively. The percentage of lesion depth (ΔLD%) of the samples of NaF group, DDW group, pH 3.8 GCE group and pH 7.0 GCE group was (-27.79 ± 3.51)%, (+21.13 ± 2.83)%, (-8.43 ± 3.32)% and (-9.20 ± 3.89)% respectively. There was no significant difference in ΔIML% and ΔLD% between pH 3.8 and pH 7.0 GCE-treated enamel.
CONCLUSIONS:
There is no significant difference in enhancement of remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions between the original and neutral Galla chinensis. Different pH Galla chinensis does not have obvious influence on remineralization. It is unnecessary to regulate the pH value of queous solution of Galla chinensis extract which acts as a anti-caries agent....(more)
Zhang LL, et al. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011 Jan;46(1):7-11. Chinese.
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- 31. [Role of enamel organic matrix in the remineralization of initial demineralized enamel and artificial hydroxylapatite treated with Galla chinensis].
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the remineralization of initial demineralized enamel and artificial hydroxylapatite treated with Galla chinensis in vitro, and to assess the effect of enamel organic matrix on the potential of Galla chinensis to promote the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions, further to elucidate the mechanism of Galla chinensis in promoting the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesion.
METHODS:
Bovine sound enamel blocks, non-organic enamel blocks and artificial hydroxylapatite blocks were demineralized and exposed to a pH-cycling. During the pH-cycling, the specimens were randomly treated with 1 g/L NaF, 4 g/L Galla chinensis extract (GCE) or double deionized water (DDW). Surface microhardness of all the samples was measured before and after the pH-cycling, and percentage surface microhardness recovery (% SMHR) was calculated. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS:
A significant increase in microhardness (P < 0.05) with many irregular deposits and prominences on GCE treated regular enamel blocks were observed. No significant increase in that of the regular enamel treated with DDW, enamel disposed of its organic matrix or artificial hydroxylapatite treated with GCE were observed (P > 0.05). No obvious changes in the SEM images of regular enamel treated with DDW, enamel disposed of its organic matrix or artificial hydroxylapatite treated with GCE compared to those of them before pH-cycling.
CONCLUSION:
Galla chinensis enhances the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro. The organic matrix of enamel was shown to play a substantial role in the observed mechanism....(more)
Zhang LL, et al. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2010 Sep;41(5):844-8. Chinese.
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- 32. Effect of enamel organic matrix on the potential of Galla chinensis to promote the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro.
Galla chinensis, a natural traditional Chinese medicine with main composition of tannic acid and gallic acid, is formed when the Chinese sumac aphid Baker (Melaphis chinensis bell) parasitizes the levels of Rhus chinensis Mill. Galla chinensis has shown the potential to enhance the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesion, but the mechanism is still unknown. This study was to investigate whether the enamel organic matrix plays a significant role in the potential of Galla chinensis to promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries. Bovine sound enamel blocks and non-organic enamel blocks were demineralized and exposed to a 12 day pH cycling. During the pH cycling, 30 specimens with the enamel organic matrix were randomly divided into three groups, and treated with 1 g L(-1) NaF (group A), 4 g L(-1) Galla chinensis extract (group B1) or double deionized water (group C1). Twenty specimens without the enamel organic matrix were randomly divided into two groups, and treated with 4 g L(-1) Galla chinensis extract (group B2) or double deionized water (group C2). The integrated mineral loss and lesion depth of all the specimens were analysed by transverse microradiography. The integrated mineral loss and lesion depth of group B1 were less than those of groups B2, C1 and C2, and there were no statistical differences among groups B2, C1 and C2. In conclusion, Galla chinensis can enhance the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesion, and the enamel organic matrix plays a significant role in this potential of Galla chinensis....(more)
Zhang L, et al. Biomed Mater 2009 Jun;4(3):034102.
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- 33. Effects of Galla chinensis on inhibition of demineralization of regular bovine enamel or enamel disposed of organic matrix.
OBJECTIVE:
This in vitro study was undertaken to assess the effects of Galla chinensis extract on inhibition of enamel caries-like demineralization and to elucidate the role of the organic matrix of enamel in this process.
DESIGN:
Either regular or enamel disposed of its organic matrix both of bovine origin were exposed to a demineralizing solution for 3 days (pH 4.5). Specimes were additionally treated with either 4 g/L of G. chinensis extraction (GCE) or double distilled water (DDW) four times daily for 5 min each time. Regular enamel exposed accordingly to sodium fluoride (1g/L) during the demineralizing period served as positive control. After exposure mineral loss and lesion depth of all samples were analysed by transversal microradiography. One-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to compare the differences amongst groups. A factorial ANOVA was chosen to test the interaction between GCE and enamel organic matrix.
RESULTS:
Mineral loss and lesion depth of specimens in the positive control group were significantly lower compared to all other groups. Regular enamel treated with GCE showed significantly lower values compared to regular enamel treated with DDW or to enamel disposed of its organic matrix (p<0.05). These three groups revealed similar values (p>0.05). Significant interaction between GCE and enamel organic matrix with respect to both outcomes could be observed (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
G. chinensis inhibits enamel caries-like demineralization in vitro. However, its potential seems to be weaker compared to sodium fluoride. The organic matrix of enamel was shown to play a substantial role in the observed mechanism....(more)
Zhang L, et al. Arch Oral Biol 2009 Sep;54(9):817-22.
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- 34. The effect of mitragynine on cAMP formation and mRNA expression of mu-opioid receptors mediated by chronic morphine treatment in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell.
ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Mitragynine is an indole alkaloid compound of Mitragyna speciosa (M. speciosa) Korth. (Rubiaceae). This plant is native to the southern regions of Thailand and northern regions of Malaysia and is frequently used to manage the withdrawal symptoms in both countries.
AIM OF STUDY:
To investigate the effect of mitragynine after chronic morphine treatment on cyclic AMP (cAMP) level and mRNA expression of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell.
METHOD AND MATERIALS:
Mitragynine was isolated from the Mitragyna speciosa plant using the acid-base extraction method. The cAMP level upon forskolin stimulation in the cells was determined using the Calbiochem<sup>®</sup> Direct Immunoassay Kit. The mRNA expression of the MOR was carried out using quantitative RT-PCR.
RESULT:
Cotreatment and pretreatment of morphine and mitragynine significantly reduced the production of cAMP level at a lower concentration of nitrogen while the higher concentration of this compound could lead to the development of tolerance and dependence as shown by the increase of the cAMP level production in foskolin stimulation. In MOR mRNA expression study, cotreatment of morphine with mitragynine significantly reduced the down-regulation of MOR mRNA expression as compared to morphine treatment only.
CONCLUSION:
These finding suggest that mitragynine could possibly avoid the tolerance and dependence on chronic morphine treatment by reducing the up-regulation of cAMP level as well as reducing the down-regulation of MOR at a lower concentration of mitragynine.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Jamil MF, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Apr 19.
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- 35. Identification of genes involved in the regulation of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity in T-47D mammary cells.
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is one of the principle compounds of the medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study explored the mechanisms of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity and non-apoptotic cell death in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide exerted its cytotoxic effects by regulating genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote cell cycle arrest. This compound regulated genes that are known to reduce/inhibit cell proliferation, induce growth arrest and suppress cell growth. The growth suppression activities of this compound were demonstrated by a downregulation of several genes normally found to be over-expressed in cancers. Microscopic analysis revealed positive monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining at 8h, indicating possible autophagosomes. TEM analysis revealed that the treated cells were highly vacuolated, thereby suggesting that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide may cause autophagic morphology in these cells. This morphology may be correlated with the concurrent expression of genes known to affect lysosomal activity, ion transport, protein degradation and vesicle transport. Interestingly, some apoptotic-like bodies were found, and these bodies contained multiple large vacuoles, suggesting that this compound is capable of eliciting a combination of apoptotic and autophagic-like morphological characteristics.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Tan ML, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2012 Feb;50(2):431-44.
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