- 1. Pre-column incubation followed by fast liquid chromatography analysis for rapid screening of natural methylglyoxal scavengers directly from herbal medicines: case study of Polygonum cuspidatum.
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a very reactive metabolite of glucose, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases associated with diabetes, and it has been validated as an attractive target for them. In the present study, a simple and effective method, namely pre-column incubation followed by fast high performance liquid chromatography based on superficially porous particles (shell), coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS(n)), was proposed for rapid and high-throughput screening of natural MGO scavengers directly from the crude extract of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which was used for treatment of diabetic complications. The hypothesis is that upon reaction with MGO, the peak areas of components with MGO scavenging potency in the chromatogram will be significantly reduced or disappear, and the structural characterization could be achieved by UHPLC-DAD-MS(n) hyphenated technique. First of all, 12 compounds in P. cuspidatum were well separated within shorter time (~12 min) than previous methods and identified, and two of them, i.e. 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-(6″-galloyl)-glucoside (3) and emodin-8-O-(6'-malonyl)-glucoside (8) were firstly reported ingredients. After incubation with MGO, four stilbene derivatives were demonstrated to possess potential MGO trapping activities. Furthermore, it was proved that both polydatin (piceid) and resveratrol exhibited effective MGO-trapping capacity by UHPLC analysis, and they could significantly inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the human serum albumin (HSA)-MGO assay, indicating that they were potential candidate agents for delaying and preventing diabetic complications. Additionally, MGO trapping mechanism exploration by UHPLC-MS(n) showed that the positions 2 and 4 of the A ring of stilbene were major active sites for trapping MGO to form both mono- and di-MGO adducts, however, the glucosylation of the hydroxyl group would significantly decrease the trapping efficiency. Collectively, the current work provides a very promising method for rapid discovery of natural MGO scavengers directly from complex matrices such as herbal medicines with huge resources....(more)
Tang D, et al. J Chromatogr A 2013 Apr 19;1286:102-10.
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- 2. Polydatin protects cardiac function against burn injury by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak by reducing oxidative modification of ryanodine receptors.
Our recent studies demonstrate that burn trauma induces leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in heart due to excessively active ryanodine receptor (RyR) function. SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak causes partial depletion of SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> content and disturbances in intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis, resulting in the pathogenesis of burn-generated cardiac dysfunction. This study investigated the role of polydatin, a resveratrol glucoside, in preventing SR leak and its therapeutic effect against burn-generated cardiac dysfunction. We found that polydatin treatment improved cardiac function impaired by burn injury of 30% of total body surface area. Parallel to the alterations in cardiac function, polydatin significantly increased the defective systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient and contractility in burn-traumatized cardiomyocytes. Burn injury increased the occurrence of Ca<sup>2+</sup> sparks. The enhancement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark-mediated SR leak caused partial depletion of SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> content in burn-traumatized cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we found that the content of free thiols (the number of reduced cysteines) in RyR2 in cardiomyocytes determined by the monobromobimane fluorescence of RyR2 was decreased markedly in burn-traumatized hearts. Polydatin treatment decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and restored the amount of free thiols in RyR2 in burns. Concomitantly, polydatin corrected Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark-mediated SR leak and restored SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> load. The systolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient and cellular contractility were significantly increased by polydatin treatment. Taken together, the present findings provide the first evidence demonstrating that polydatin prevents enhanced Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark-mediated SR leak by reducing oxidative stress in RyR2 in burn-traumatized heart, leading to protection of cardiac function against burn injury....(more)
Jiang X, et al. Free Radic Biol Med 2013 Mar 14;60C:292-299.
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- 3. Nectar secretion on fern fronds associated with lower levels of herbivore damage: field experiments with a widespread epiphyte of Mexican cloud forest remnants.
Background and AimsThe oldest group of plants in which nectar secretions have been observed are the Polypodiopsida (ferns sensu lato). Nectaries have been reported in a dozen extant genera. The function of these nectaries has been investigated in several fern species, and in some circumstances has been demonstrated to have an antiherbivore role, attracting and maintaining biotic defence (ants and/or other predatory arthropods). This study documents foliar nectaries in Pleopeltis crassinervata, a widespread Central American epiphyte growing on a variety of trees in cloud forest areas of Veracruz, Mexico. This is a new record for this genus and species.MethodsAs previous experimental work on epiphytic species of Polypodium has demonstrated a protective role of ants for developing fronds, we conducted similar experiments (using nylon nail polish to cover nectaries rather than excluding ants with bands of sticky resin as in earlier work). The fronds of Pl. crassinervata developed over 6 weeks, at which time damage was assessed. The experiment was simultaneously conducted on a sympatric species lacking nectaries, Polypodium furfuraceum. Herbivore placement experiments were conducted with large and small caterpillars on both of these ferns.Key ResultsFronds with nectaries covered suffered greater damage from herbivores over the course of their development, compared with fronds that had uncovered nectaries functioning normally. The parallel experiment on Po. furfuraceum showed no difference between manipulated and control fronds. Six species of ants (Brachymyrmex minutus, Crematogaster formosa, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata, S. picea and Wasmannia auropunctata) were observed visiting nectaries of Pl. crassinervata; most were effective in removing herbivore larvae placed on the fronds.ConclusionsThe long evolutionary history of ferns may explain why some previous studies of fern nectaries have shown little or no benefit to ferns from nectary visitors, as any coevolved herbivores are those resistant to ant defence. The results suggest that ants protect Pl. crassinervata fronds against herbivory. The presence of nectaries, and the relationship with ants, may contribute to this fern's widespread occurrence and persistence in the face of disturbance, though many other factors also play a role. Ant defence may be more likely to benefit a widespread species of disturbed habitats that encounters a wide range of non-adapted herbivores....(more)
Koptur S, et al. Ann Bot 2013 Apr 21.
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- 4. Polypodium leucotomos Extract use to prevent and reduce the risk of infectious diseases in high performance athletes.
OBJECTIVE:
Many components of the immune system undergo adverse changes during intense physical activity in athletes, leading to a heightened risk of respiratory tract infections. This study evaluated the reduction in infectious processes in athletes due to intensive training with anapsos.
METHODS:
The study compared athletes who took 480 mg Polypodium leucotomos Extract (Armaya fuerte; Centrum laboratories, Alicante, Spain) twice daily for 3 months (n = 50) with a control group (n = 50) in the evaluation of the onset of infectious processes and relapses during an 8-month period (June 2010 to January 2011).
RESULTS:
The onset of infectious processes in the Polypodium leucotomos Extract group was lower when compared to the control group (14% versus 56%). Relapse in the Polypodium leucotomos Extract group was seen in just one athlete (14.2%) compared to ten athletes (37.5%) in the control group.
CONCLUSION:
Polypodium leucotomos Extract has been shown to be useful in the prevention of infectious processes, as well as reducing recurring episodes in athletes....(more)
Solivellas BM, et al. Infect Drug Resist 2012;5:149-53.
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- 5. Benefits of oral Polypodium Leucotomos extract in MM high-risk patients.
Background UV radiation and the presence of melanocytic nevi are the main risk factors of sporadic melanoma (MM). Protection of skin by an oral photoprotective agent would have substantial benefits. Objective We investigated the possible role of an oral Polypodium leucotomos (PL) extract to improve systemic photoprotection in patients at risk of skin cancer analyzing the ability to decrease UV-induced erythema. We also studied the interaction among MC1R polymorphisms and CDKN2A status with the minimal erythematous dose (MED) and their influence in the response after oral PL. Methods A total of 61 patients (25 with familial and/or multiple MM, 20 with sporadic MM and 16 with atypical mole syndrome without history of MM) were exposed to varying doses of artificial UVB radiation without and after oral administration of a total dose of 1080mg of PL. Results Oral PL treatment significantly increased the MED mean in all group patients (0.123 to 0.161 J/cm(2) , p<0.05). Although not significant, we noticed a stronger effect of PL on the MED of patients with familial MM compared to those with MM (U=273, p=0.06). Among the patients with familial MM, those exhibiting a mutated CDKN2A and/or polymorphisms in MC1R had the bigger differences in response to treatment with PL. Limitations Reduced number of patients. No control population. Conclusions Administration of PL leads to a significant reduction of sensitivity to UVR (p<0.05) in all patients. Dark-eye patients and patients with higher UVR sensibility (lower basal MED) would be the most benefited from oral PL treatment.
© 2012 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology © 2012 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology....(more)
Aguilera P, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012 Jul 31.
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- 6. Polypodium leucotomos decreases UV-induced epidermal cell proliferation and enhances p53 expression and plasma antioxidant capacity in hairless mice.
A single dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces significant changes in blood and skin of hairless mice. Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos (PL, 300 mg/kg during 5 days before UVR and for two additional days after irradiation) modulates some of the effects of UVR. Most significantly, PL administration reduced the number of proliferating cells by 13%, increased the number of p53(+) cells by 63%, enhanced the antioxidant plasma capacity (ORAC) by 30% and reinforced the network of dermal elastic fibres. Western blot analysis of skin antioxidant-related enzymes failed to demonstrate significant changes caused by PL. Thus, the beneficial effect of PL likely owes to its antioxidant and anti-ROS properties rather than its modulation of the expression of endogenous antioxidant systems. These data provide mechanistic clues for its efficacy as a systemic photoprotective agent with antioxidant and anti-photo-ageing properties.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S....(more)
Rodríguez-Yanes E, et al. Exp Dermatol 2012 Aug;21(8):638-40.
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- 7. New horizons in treating disorders of hyperpigmentation in skin of color.
Pigmentary abnormalities are among the most common reasons why patients with skin of color visit a dermatologist. Hydroquinone has been a cornerstone for the treatment of hyperpigmentation; however, concerns regarding adverse effects have prompted a search for alternative agents. Some promising topical treatments include soy, licorice, rucinol, mulberry, niacinamide, ellagic acid, resveratrol, and dioic acid. Oral agents, primarily used for the prevention of postprocedural hyperpigmentation, include procyanidins, tranexamic acid, and Polypodium leucotomos. Advances in Q-switched lasers, intense pulse light, fractional photothermolysis, and the advent of tretinoin peeling add to the clinician's armamentarium for treating hyperpigmentation.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Konda S, et al. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2012 Jun;31(2):133-9.
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- 8. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a case report of Polypodium leucotomos as an adjuvant therapy.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is an uncommon autoimmune disease that results in substantial photosensitivity of affected patients. Eruptions often are triggered or exacerbated by UV light (UVL) exposure. We present a case of a patient with SCLE who was moderately controlled with hydroxychloroquine sulfate but achieved near total remission of disease after the addition of oral Polypodium leucotomos supplement which has photoprotective effects on human keratinocytes. We report sustained clinical response with the use of P leucotomos in lupus and suggest that it may have future application in photosensitizing dermatoses....(more)
Breithaupt AD, et al. Cutis 2012 Apr;89(4):183-4.
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- 9. Polypodium leucotomos extract in atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.
INTRODUCTION:
Topical corticosteroids are used to treat inflammation and relieve itching in atopic dermatitis, but their use is limited by adverse reactions.
OBJECTIVES: <br/>The main aim of this study was to investigate whether daily treatment with Polypodium leucotomos extract would reduce the use of topical corticosteroids in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis. We also analyzed oral antihistamine use and changes in disease severity.
PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We performed a phase IV randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial involving 105 patients aged between 2 and 17 years who were receiving topical corticosteroids to treat moderate atopic dermatitis. The patients were randomized to receive, in addition to their standard treatment, Polypodium leucotomos extract or placebo (both in capsule form) for 6 months. The percentage of days on which topical corticosteroids and other atopic dermatitis treatments were used was calculated.
RESULTS:
Use of Polypodium leucotomos extract did not significantly reduce the mean (SD) percentage of days on which topical corticosteroids were used (11% [12%] vs 12% [11%] for placebo). A significant reduction was, however, observed for oral histamine use (median percentage of days, 4.5% in the Polypodium leucotomos group and 13.6% in the placebo group [P= .038]). The percentage of patients who used oral antihistamines was also lower in the Polypodium leucotomos group.
CONCLUSION:
Long-term treatment with Polypodium leucotomos extract has benefits for children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis who require pharmacologic treatment to reduce inflammation and relieve itching.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV. All rights reserved....(more)
Ramírez-Bosca A, et al. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012 Sep;103(7):599-607.
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- 10. Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption.
BACKGROUND:
Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) is the most common idiopathic photodermatosis. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PLE. Polypodium leucotomos (PL) is a natural extract from tropical fern leaves with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
OBJECTIVE:
In this study we sought to evaluate whether a concentrated hydrophilic extract of PL might prevent or delay the photoinduction of typical PLE lesions by artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
METHODS:
A total of 35 patients with long-standing PLE were included in this open, uncontrolled bicenter study. PLE was induced by photoprovocation with artificial UVB and UVA light, thereafter oral treatment with PL was initiated. Two weeks later a second photoprovocation was performed while the patients were still taking PL.
RESULTS:
Thirty patients developed PLE lesions after repeated irradiation with UVA. Of these, 18 patients also responded to UVB. After PL treatment, 9 (30%) and 5 (28%) patients, respectively, were unresponsive to repeated UVA and UVB exposure. In the remaining patients, the mean number of UVA and UVB irradiations required to elicit PLE increased significantly from 1.95 to 2.62 (P = .005) and from 2.38 to 2.92 (P = .047), respectively.
LIMITATIONS:
The study was open and uncontrolled and included a relatively small number of patients.
CONCLUSION:
Our data indicate that oral PL treatment might be beneficial for the prevention of PLE.
Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Tanew A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012 Jan;66(1):58-62.
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- 11. Fernblock, a nutriceutical with photoprotective properties and potential preventive agent for skin photoaging and photoinduced skin cancers.
Many phytochemicals are endowed with photoprotective properties, i.e., the capability to prevent the harmful effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. These effects include photoaging and skin cancer, and immunosuppression. Photoprotection is endowed through two major modes of action: UV absorption or reflection/scattering; and tissue repair post-exposure. We and others have uncovered the photoprotective properties of an extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos (commercial name Fernblock). Fernblock is an all-natural antioxidant extract, administered both topically (on the skin) or orally. It inhibits generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by UV including superoxide anion. It also prevents damage to the DNA, inhibits UV-induced AP1 and NF-κB, and protects endogenous skin natural antioxidant systems, i.e., CAT, GSH, and GSSR. Its photoprotective effects at a cellular level include a marked decrease of UV-mediated cellular apoptosis and necrosis and a profound inhibition of extracellular matrix remodeling. These molecular and cellular effects translate into long-term inhibition of photoaging and carcinogenesis that, together with its lack of toxicity, postulate its use as a novel-generation photoprotective nutriceutical of phytochemical origin....(more)
Gonzalez S, et al. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(12):8466-75.
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- 12. Ecdysteroids from Polypodium vulgare L.
Three new compounds (3, 7, and 11) together with eight known phytoecdysteroids (1, 2, 4-6, and 8-10) were isolated from the rhizomes of common polypody, Polypodium vulgare L. The structures of compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR measurements. The (1)H and (13)C NMR assignments of compounds 1, 6, 9 and 10 are included.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Simon A, et al. Steroids 2011 Dec 11;76(13):1419-24.
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- 13. Purification, antioxidant activity and protein-precipitating capacity of punicalin from pomegranate husk.
Punicalin is a kind of ellagitannin, existing in pomegranate husk, and has shown remarkable biological activities. A rapid and large-scale separation method of punicalin from pomegranate husk was established, using medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). The optimal mobile phase consisted of 5% methanol and 0.1% (v/v) TFA in water, and the optimal loading amount and flow rate were 1.0 g and 80 ml/min, respectively. Under this condition, 339 mg of 95.9% punicalin could be obtained in 40 min. 59.7 mg of 78.0% gallic acid could be separated simultaneously. This method was practical for industrial utilisation of pomegranate husk. Afterwards, the antioxidant and protein-precipitating capacities of the purified punicalin, together with punicalagin, were evaluated. Results showed that punicalin had strong antioxidant activity, and it exhibited a low affinity for protein. This suggested that the antioxidant of punicalin would not be greatly masked by tannin-protein precipitation in application, and hence confirmed punicalin to be a promising antioxidant.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Wang Y, et al. Food Chem 2013 May 1;138(1):437-43.
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- 14. Anti-proliferative activity and protection against oxidative DNA damage by punicalagin isolated from pomegranate husk.
Ellagitannins are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>) husk and contribute greatly towards its biological properties. A pre-enriched pomegranate husk powder was extracted with water and then further purified by an Amberlite XAD-16 column. Punicalagin (PC) anomers were eluted using a gradient of methanol and water. Fractions eluted with 20% and 25% methanol yielded 1.08 g of light brown powder (purity > 97%) from a total of 40 g of extract. This fraction was identified as PC by HPLC-UV using reference compounds and confirmed by FTICR-MS analysis. PC (10-40 µM) was found to significantly inhibit oxidative DNA products, about 70% inhibition at 40 µM (p=0.0017), resulting from Cu<sup>2+</sup>-catalyzed redox cycling of 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol as analyzed by <sup>32</sup>P-postlabeling. Evidence of high antioxidant activity of PC was also obtained based on ORAC assay (1556±79 µmol of TE/g), as well as by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)-, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging and ferrous ion-chelating activities (IC50=1.1, 17.1, 24 and 45.4 µg/ml, respectively). Further, PC exhibited strong anti-proliferative activity against the human lung, breast and cervical cancer cell lines. Together, these data suggest that PC can be isolated in its purified form by simple column chromatography, inhibits oxidative DNA damage and possesses high anti-proliferative activity....(more)
Aqil F, et al. Food Res Int 2012 Nov 1;49(1):345-353.
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- 15. Anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) husk ellagitannins in Caco-2 cells, an in vitro model of human intestine.
This study aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate fruit husk (PomH) polyphenolic extract, rich in punicalagin, using Caco-2 cells, an in vitro model of human intestinal epithelium. Differentiated cells in bicameral inserts were pretreated or not with a PomH extract or punicalagin, as reference, at the apical side, representing the intestinal lumen. Inflammation was then induced with a cocktail of cytokines (Il-1β, TNFα and IFNγ) and LPS. After 24 h incubation, 3 pro-inflammatory markers, i.e., interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, were assayed both at their gene transcription (qRT-PCR) and secretion (ELISA) levels. As previously described, the pro-inflammatory cocktail significantly stimulated these 3 markers, at the gene transcript and secretion levels. In inflamed cells, a significant down-regulation of the transcription of the genes encoding IL-6 and MCP-1 was observed in the presence of the PomH extract or punicalagin, while IL-8 transcription was unaffected. Both treatments also decreased the amounts of the 3 proteins with dose-response effects, but only in the apical compartment. A lowered ELISA response was also observed when either IL-6, IL-8 or MCP-1 were mixed with punicalagin in a cell-free culture medium, indicating a direct molecular interaction. In conclusion, the punicalagin-rich PomH extract tested showed anti-inflammatory properties in the Caco-2 in vitro intestinal model. It acted both on the pro-inflammatory gene transcription and protein levels, the later phenomenon being possibly due to a direct molecular trapping. These data suggest that pomegranate husk could be an interesting natural source contributing to prevent intestinal chronic inflammation....(more)
Hollebeeck S, et al. Food Funct 2012 Aug;3(8):875-85.
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- 16. Effects of pomegranate extracts on cartilage, bone and mesenchymal cells of mouse fetuses.
Pomegranate is a rich source of polyphenols, which are believed to be responsible for the oestrogenic activities of extracts of this fruit in mice. One of these potential activities is the prevention of bone loss. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of pomegranate extract on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mouse embryos in vivo and limb bud cultures in vitro. A total of fifty pregnant Balb/c mice were given vehicle, pomegranate juice extract (PJE), pomegranate husk extract (PHE) or a mixture of husk and juice extract (PME). Their embryos were stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue, and the length of the femur, tibia and their ossification zones were measured on day 19 of gestation. Bone Ca content in pregnant mice was also measured. Mice treated with PJE showed an increase in bone Ca content. Dietary supplementation with all extracts significantly increased embryo femur length and osteogenesis index. Mesenchymal cells from fetal limb buds were cultured and exposed to 10, 100, 1000 and 10 000 μg/ml of PJE, PHE or PME. The number of viable cells was greater in cultures exposed to the extracts than in control cultures. The number of cartilage nodules and their diameters were greater in extract-treated cell cultures, a finding which reflected increased cell proliferation and differentiation rates. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that pomegranate is able to enhance bone formation....(more)
Monsefi M, et al. Br J Nutr 2012 Mar;107(5):683-90.
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- 17. Potential of pomegranate husk carbon for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater: kinetic and isotherm studies.
Pomegranate husk was converted into activated carbon and tested for its ability to remove hexavalent chromium from wastewater. The new activated carbon was obtained from pomegranate husk by dehydration process using concentrated sulfuric acid. The important parameters for the adsorption process such as pH, metal concentration and sorbent weight were investigated. Batch equilibrium experiments exhibited that a maximum chromium uptake was obtained at pH 1.0. The maximum adsorption capacity for pomegranate husk activated carbon was 35.2mgg(-1) as calculated by Langmuir model. The ability of activated carbon to remove chromium from synthetic sea water, natural sea water and wastewater was investigated as well. Different isotherm models were used to analyze the experimental data and the models parameters were evaluated. This study showed that the removal of toxic chromium by activated carbon developed from pomegranate husk is a promising technique....(more)
Nemr AE. J Hazard Mater 2009 Jan 15;161(1):132-41.
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- 18. Ellagic acid production by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation of pomegranate residues.
Two Aspergillus niger strains (GH1 and PSH) previously isolated from a semiarid region of Mexico were characterized for their effectiveness in converting pomegranate ellagitannins (ET) into ellagic acid (EA) in a solid state fermentation (SSF). Pomegranate seeds and husk were used as support for the SSF. Released EA was evaluated by liquid chromatography. Yields of 6.3 and 4.6 mg of EA per gram of dried pomegranate husk were obtained with A. niger GH1 and PSH, respectively. Total hydrolyzable polyphenols of pomegranate husk were degraded during the first 72 h of culture (71 and 61%, by GH1 and PSH strains, respectively). Tannin acyl hydrolase activity was not clearly associated with EA production. EA that accumulated in cultures of A. niger GH1 was remarkably pure after a simple extraction process. Pomegranate husk is a good support, and at the same time an excellent substrate in the production of high commercial interest metabolites like EA due the degradation of its ET content....(more)
Robledo A, et al. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008 Jun;35(6):507-13.
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- 19. Preparative separation of punicalagin from pomegranate husk by high-speed countercurrent chromatography.
Punicalagin, the main ingredient of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) husk, is a high molecular weight polyphenolic compound. It has shown remarkable pharmacological activities attributed in the presence of dissociable OH groups. To isolate punicalagin, previous methods included labor intensive and expensive solid phase extractions by column chromatography (C-18, polyamides, dellulose, Sephadex Lipophilic LH-20, Diaion HP20). High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was used for isolation and purification of punicalagin from pomegranate husk. Using preparative HSCCC about a 350 mg amount of the crude extract was separated, yielding 105 mg of punicalagin at a high-purity of over 92%. Eighty milligrams of gallic acid was simultaneously separated as another product, at a purity of 75%....(more)
Lu J, et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007 Sep 15;857(1):175-9.
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- 20. Pomegranate seed extract attenuates chemotherapy-induced liver damage in an experimental model of rabbits.
The aim of this study was to determine whether antioxidant pomegranate seed extract (PSE) has a preventive effect on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Rabbits were divided into 3 groups (n=6):1—Control group (0.9 % saline. i.p) 2—Cisplatin group (a single dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p) 3— A single dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p) + PSE (250 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 6 consecutive days before and 6 consecutive days after a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg body weight cisplatin. Liver function enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found significantly higher in cisplatin group compared to control. Liver catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities decreased with cisplatin treatment but glutathione (GSH) level was increased. In cisplatin + PSE group, liver function enzyme activities and tissue MDA levels were found lower than cisplatin group. PSE ameliorated cisplatin-induced pathological changes. As a result it was demonstrated that PSE has protective effects against cisplatin hepatotoxicity in rabbit....(more)
Yildirim NC, et al. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2013 Feb 2;59 Suppl:OL1842-7.
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- 21. Pomegranate seed extract attenuates chemotherapy-induced acute nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats.
Cisplatin (CDDP), one of the most active cytotoxic agents against cancer, has adverse side effects, such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) against oxidative stress caused by CDDP injury of the kidneys and liver by measuring tissue biochemical and antioxidant variables and immunohistochemically testing caspase-3-positive cells. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control; CDDP: injected intraperitoneally with CDDP (7 mg/kg body weight, single dose); PSE: treated for 15 consecutive days by gavage with PSE (300 mg/kg per day); and PSE+CDDP: treated by gavage with PSE 15 days after a single injection of CDDP. The degree of protection against CDDP injury afforded by PSE was evaluated by determining the levels of malondialdehyde as a measure of lipid peroxidation. The levels of glutathione and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase were estimated from liver and kidney homogenates; the liver and kidney were also histologically examined. PSE elicited a significant protective effect toward liver and kidney by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation; elevating the levels of glutathione S-transferase; and increasing the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase. These biochemical observations were supported by immunohistochemical findings and suggested that PSE significantly attenuated nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by the way of its antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antiapoptotic effects. This PSE extract could be used as a dietary supplement in patients receiving chemotherapy medications....(more)
Cay?r K, et al. J Med Food 2011 Oct;14(10):1254-62.
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- 22. The effects of pomegranate seed extract and beta-sitosterol on rat uterine contractions.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L., Punicaceae) seed extract on uterine contractility. Pomegranate seeds were methanolic extracted and their constituents analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Isometric force was measured in strips of longitudinal rat myometrium and the effects of pomegranate seed extract studied. We found beta-sitosterol to be the main constituent of the extract (16%) and its effects were also investigated. Pomegranate seed extract and beta-sitosterol increased spontaneous contractions in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximum effect at 250 mg/100 mL and 1 mg/100 mL, respectively. The amplitude and frequency of the phasic contraction were significantly increased along with basal tension. The effects of pomegranate seed extract were very similar to those of beta-sitosterol. Force produced in the presence of pomegranate seed extract was abolished by the inhibition of L-type calcium channels or myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Contractions were not potentiated by pomegranate extract following the inhibition of K channels or inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). The actions of beta-sitosterol and the extract were not blocked by the estrogen receptor blocker, fulvestrant. We conclude that pomegranate seed extract is a potent stimulator of phasic activity in rat uterus. Our data suggest that the uterotonic effect is due to nonestrogenic effects of beta-sitosterol acting to inhibit K channels and SERCA and thereby increasing contraction via calcium entry on L-type calcium channels and MLCK. We suggest that pomegranate extract and beta-sitosterol may be a useful uterine stimulant....(more)
Promprom W, et al. Reprod Sci 2010 Mar;17(3):288-96.
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- 23. Urinary metabonomic study of the surface layer of poria cocos as an effective treatment for chronic renal injury in rats.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae) is a well-known medicinal fungus. the epidermis of the sclerotia ("Fu-Ling-Pi" in Chinese) is used as a diuretic and traditionally used for promoting urination and reduce edema.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) treat many diseases through multi-components, multi-ways and multi-targets. However, the molecular mechanisms of TCM are not yet well understood. In the present work, ultra performance liquid chromatography-based metabonomics analysis was applied to investigate the urinary metabolite profiling of the renoprotective effect of FLP on adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model and involved possible mechanism.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
A metabonomic approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometry<sup>Elevated Energy</sup> data collection technique was developed. The resulting dataset was analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The identification of all potential biomarkers was performed using reference standard by comparing their mass spectra, MS<sup>E</sup> fragments information, isotopic pattern and MassLynx i-FIT algorithm.
RESULTS:
By partial least squares-discriminate analysis analyses, 15 biomarkers in rat urine were identified and 11 of them were related to the pathway of adenine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Among these biomarkers, eight biomarkers like adenine, L-acetylcarnitine, 8-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine, creatine, methionine, phytosphingosine and phenylalanine were reversed to the control level in FLP-treated groups and six biomarkers like 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, indole-3-carboxylic acid, 3-methyldioxyindole, ethyl-N2-acetyl-L-argininate, 3-O-methyldopa and xanthurenic acid were reversed to high normal group by FLP, which indicates that the urinary metabolic pattern significantly changed after FLP treatment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our study indicates that FLP treatment can ameliorate CKD by intervening in some dominating metabolic pathways, such as adenine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The metabonomic results not only supplied a systematic view of the development and progression of CKD and mechanism studies of FLP but also provided the theoretical basis for the prevention or treatment of CKD.
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd....(more)
Zhao YY, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Apr 20.
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- 24. Triterpenes from Poria cocos suppress growth and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells through the downregulation of MMP-7.
Poria cocos is a medicinal mushroom that is widely used in traditional Asian medicine. Here, we show that a characterized mixture of triterpenes extracted from P. cocos (PTE) and three purified triterpenes: pachymic acid (PA), dehydropachymic acid (DPA) and polyporenic acid C (PPAC) suppress the proliferation of the human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, MiaPaca-2, AsPc-1 and BxPc-3. Moreover, the most effective compound, PA, only slightly affects the proliferation of HPDE-6 normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells. The anti-proliferative effects of PTE on BxPc-3 cells are mediated by the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that PTE significantly downregulates the expression of KRAS and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in BxPc-3 cells. In addition, PTE and PA suppress the invasive behavior of BxPc-3 cells. The inhibition of invasiveness by PTE and PA was associated with the reduction of MMP-7 at the protein level and the role of MMP-7 further confirmed by the gene silencing of MMP-7 which also suppressed the invasiveness of BxPc-3 cells. In conclusion, triterpenes from P. cocos demonstrate anticancer and anti-invasive effects on human pancreatic cancer cells and can be considered as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of pancreatic cancer....(more)
Cheng S, et al. Int J Oncol 2013 Jun;42(6):1869-74.
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- 25. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Metabonomic Study of Therapeutic Effect of the Surface Layer of Poria cocos on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Provides New Insight into Anti-Fibrosis Mechanism.
The surface layer of Poria cocos (Fu-Ling-Pi, FLP) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine and its diuretic effect was confirmed in rat. Ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometry(Elevated Energy) data collection technique was employed to investigate metabonomic characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced from adenine excess and the protective effects of FLP. Multiple metabolites are detected in the CKD and are correlated with progressive renal injury. Among these biomarkers, lysoPC(18âˆ), tetracosahexaenoic acid, lysoPC(18âˆ), creatinine, lysoPC (16âˆ) and lysoPE(22âˆ/0âˆ) in the FLP-treated group were completely reversed to levels in the control group which lacked CKD. Combined with biochemistry and histopathology results, the changes in serum metabolites indicate that the perturbations of phospholipids metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism are related to adenine-induced CKD and to the interventions of FLP on all the three metabolic pathways. FLP may regulate the metabolism of these biomarkers, especially their efficient utilization within the context of CKD. Furthermore, these biomarkers might serve as characteristics to explain the mechanisms of FLP....(more)
Zhao YY, et al. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e59617.
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- 26. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS fingerprinting of Traditional Chinese Formula SiJunZiTang.
SiJunZiTang (SJZT), a classic Traditional Chinese Formula (TCMF) consisting of four herbs, Radix Ginseng, Atractylodes macrocephala, Poria cocos and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has been demonstrated to show protective effects on intestine and stomach injure. The chromatographic quality control is needed. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS is a rapid and efficient technique for analysis of complex sample in combination with UPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In this paper, UPLC-MS fingerprinting of SJZT was developed. As a result, 66 compounds including ginsenosides, flavonoids, triterpenoid and coumarins were detected, 58 of them were tentatively identified. The major constituents of SJZT were ginsenosides and flavonoids that coming from Radix Ginseng and Glycyrrhiza uralensis.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Wang Y, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013 Jun;80:24-33.
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- 27. Chinese herbs for memory disorders: a review and systematic analysis of classical herbal literature.
Text mining and other literature-based investigations can assist in identifying natural products for experimental and clinical research. This article details a method for systematically analyzing data derived from the classical Chinese medical literature. We present the results of electronic searches of Zhong Hua Yi Dian ("Encyclopaedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine"), a CD of 1000 premodern (before 1950) medical books, for single herbs, and other natural products used for dementia, memory disorders, and memory improvement. This review explores how the terminology for these disorders has changed over time and which herbs have been used more or less frequently, and compares the results from the premodern literature with the herbs indexed for memory disorders in a modern pharmacopoeia. The searches located 731 citations deriving from 127 different books written between ca. 188 ad and ca. 1920. Of the 110 different natural products identified, those most frequently cited for forgetfulness were yuan zhi (Polygala tenuifolia), fu shen (Poria cocos), and chang pu (Acorus spp.), all of which have been cited repeatedly over the past 1800 years and appear among the 31 herbs indexed in a modern pharmacopoeia. By providing a complete, hierarchically organized list of herbs for a specific disorder, this approach can assist researchers in selecting herbs for research.
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V....(more)
May BH, et al. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013 Feb;6(1):2-11.
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- 28. Influences of traditional Chinese medicine intervention on the bone growth and metabolism of rats with simulated weightlessness.
OBJECTIVE:
To probe into the influences of Chinese herbal compound on the growth and metabolism of weight-bearing bones of tail-suspended rats.
METHODS:
Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group (eight), tail-suspended control group (eight) and Chinese medicine treatment group (eight) according to their weights. No treatment was done for the blank control group. Double distilled water lavage was performed daily for the tail-suspended control group. On the basis of the tail-suspended rat model, the rats were given Chinese herbal compound lavage every day in Chinese medicine treatment group. This compound includes mulberry, Poria cocos and barbary wolfberry, etc. The test cycle was four weeks. The rats were killed after the experiment. The right femoral bone was taken out for the physical measurements, and the left femoral bone was for the three-point bending test. The influences of Chinese herbal compound on femoral bone growth and biomechanical properties of simulated weightlessness rats were observed.
RESULTS:
(1) After simulated weightlessness (tail-suspension), compared with the blank control group, all the physiological indexes of rat femoral bone decreased in tail-suspended group and Chinese medicine treatment group (P<0.05). The strength and rigidity of rat femoral bone decreased in tail-suspended group (P<0.01). The maximum load and rigidity coefficient also decreased with the increasing toughness coefficient in the control group (P<0.01). (2) After the countermeasure of Chinese herbal compound, each biomechanical indexes showed the tendency of increasing in Chinese medicine treatment group, and theses indexes were close to those of the blank control group (P<0.05), which indicated that the bone loss caused by simulated weightlessness was improved.
CONCLUSIONS:
Chinese herbal compound for tonifying kidney could effectively prevent the bone loss and have some enhancements on the bone biomechanical properties.
Copyright © 2013 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhu J. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013 Mar;6(3):224-7.
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- 29. Poria cocos inhibits high glucose-induced proliferation of rat mesangial cells.
Mesangial cell proliferation is correlated with the progression of renal failure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a water extract of Poria cocos Wolf (WPC), a well-known medicinal plant, regulates rat mesangial cell proliferation in the presence of high glucose (HG). HG significantly accelerated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, which was inhibited by WPC (1-50 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. Cell migration and fibronectin mRNA expression data also supported the anti-proliferative effect of WPC. Western blot analysis revealed that pretreatment with WPC decreased the expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and promoted the expression of p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(kip1). WPC also suppressed HG-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation. Furthermore, WPC inhibited HG-induced production of dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-sensitive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, HG promoted mesangial cell proliferation, and WPC inhibited this activity, at least in part, via induction of cell cycle arrest and activation of anti-oxidant properties. Taken together, these results suggest that P. cocos may be a potent regulator of HG-induced proliferation....(more)
Yoon JJ, et al. Am J Chin Med 2013;41(1):71-83.
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- 30. [Effect and mechanism of dingzhixiao wan on scopolamine-induced learning-memory impairment in mice].
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of Dingzhixiao Wan (DZXW), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting of Acorus tatarinowii, Polygala tenuifolia, Poria cocos and Panax ginseng in a proportion of 2: 2: 3: 3, on learning-memory impairment induced by scopolamine and its possible mechanisms.
METHOD:
The mice were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the model group, the positive huperzine A (0.05 mg x kg(-1)) group, DZXW 700 mg x kg(-1), 350 mg x kg(-1) and 175 mg kg(-1) groups. DZXW extracts were orally administrated to the mice for 7 days. Scopolamine (1.5 mg x kg(-1), ip) was injected to establish the learning and memory impairment model in mice. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess the learning and memory ability of each group. After the test, the activities of glutamic acid (Glu), gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (Ach) and acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) in brain tissue were measured.
RESULT:
The praxiology test showed that DZXW significantly decreased the average latency of model mice in the place navigation test, and enhanced the frequency for passing through the platform in the spatial probe test, the percentage between target quadrant swimming distance and time. Moreover, DZXW could significantly increase the contents of Glu and 5-HT, DA and Ach, while reducing the levels of GABA and AchE in mice brain.
CONCLUSION:
DZXW could significantly ameliorate the scopolamine-induced learning-memory impairment in mice and improve their learning-memory capacity, which may be related to its effect on adjusting Glu/GABA system and increasing Ach and monoamine neurotransmitter contents in mice brain....(more)
Yan JJ, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Nov;37(21):3293-6. Chinese.
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- 31. Lanostanoids from Fungi: A Group of Potential Anticancer Compounds.
Lanostanes are a group of tetracyclic triterpenoids derived from lanosterol. They have relevant biological and pharmacological properties, such as their cytotoxic effects via induction of apoptosis. This review compiles the most relevant lanostanoids studied from 2000 to 2011, principally those isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other related fungi, such as Poria cocos, Laetiporus sulphureus, Inonotus obliquus, Antrodia camphorata, Daedalea dickinsii, and Elfvingia applanata, which have great potential as anticancer agents because of their cytotoxic or apoptotic effects. The compounds were selected on the basis of their proapoptotic mechanisms, through their ability to modify transcriptional activities via nuclear factors or genes and the activation or inhibition of pro- or antiapoptotic proteins; studies based only on their cytotoxicity were excluded from this review in the absence of complementary studies on their mechanisms of action. A total of 81 compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and other species from this genus are included, as well as 96 compounds isolated from other fungi, principally Poria cocos. Some of these compounds were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G(1) phase, increase levels of p53 and Bax, or inhibit the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 or the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Other lanostanes have inhibitory effects on the growth of androgen prostate carcinoma through increasing the expression of p21, which activates the tumor suppressor protein p53, while other compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit topo II activity without affecting topo I. General considerations concerning the chemical structure-biological activities of these compounds are also discussed....(more)
Ríos JL, et al. J Nat Prod 2012 Oct 23.
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- 32. Diuretic activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the surface layer of Poria cocos in rat.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae) is a well-known traditional East-Asian medicinal fungus. the epidermis ("Fu-Ling-Pi" in Chinese) of the sclerotia is used as a diuretic. This study was conducted to evaluate of ethanol extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE) of the diuretic activity of Fu-Ling-Pi in saline-loaded rats.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The EE and AE were orally administered to rats. Urinary excretion rate, pH and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats.
RESULTS:
Urinary excretion rates were significantly increased by the EE. The three doses of AE only produced a slight increase urinary output. The EE had little or no effect on K(+) excretion, but did indeed induce a notable excretion of Na(+), that was in agreement with the urinary excretion. The three doses of AE produced an increase Na(+) and K(+) excretion, but did not arrive at statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study confirmed that the not aqueous but ethanol extracts of the epidermis of Poria cocos presents a remarkable diuretic effect.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhao YY, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2012 Dec 18;144(3):775-8.
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- 33. Development of an analytical method for yam saponins using HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection at different column temperatures.
Yam saponins (dioscin, gracillin, protodioscin, and protogracillin) were analyzed with three different C18 columns at incremental column temperatures from 15 to 45°C to investigate the effect of temperature on the retention and resolution of yam saponins. At low temperature, yam saponins showed decreased retention times and improved resolutions in the C18 columns. In the Kinetex C18 column at 15°C, the four saponins achieved baseline separation (Rs > 1.5) within 30 min. Pulsed amperometric detection was used to identify saponins with high sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification of saponins were 0.11-0.31 and 0.33-0.95 ng, respectively. The correlation coefficients ranged 0.9986-1.0000. Intra- and inter-day precisions were <4.2% of retention times and <9.5% of the calculated contents. Average recoveries ranged from 92.18 to 105.98%. Saponin contents in Dioscorea nipponica tubers and commercial yam foods were determined without sample purification or concentration. Among the ten commercial yam foods investigated, only three showed significant saponin contents....(more)
Kwon HJ, et al. J Sep Sci 2013 Feb;36(4):690-8.
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- 34. Highly efficient sample preparation and quantification of constituents from traditional Chinese herbal medicines using matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and UPLC-MS/MS.
In this work, a rapid and simple method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Guge Fengtong preparation (GGFT), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was investigated for validation, and eight major constituents were determined including four saponins (protodioscin, protogracillin, pseudoprotodioscin and dioscin) and four gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol). Response surface methodology and desirability function were employed to optimize the extraction conditions, such as dispersant, dispersant/sample ratio, solvent concentration, and elution volume, of MSPD. Results showed that MSPD using C18 (1.75 g) as the dispersant material and methanol (89%, v/v) as the eluting solvent (12.00 mL) resulted in a high extraction efficiency. MSPD extraction had the advantages of combining extraction and clean-up in a single step, was less time consuming and required lower solvent volumes compared with conventional methods. Quantification of chemical compounds from GGFT preparations were performed using UPLC-MS/MS in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The proposed method afforded a low limit of detection ranging from 0.02 to 0.40 ng for saponins and gingerols. For all the analytes, recoveries ranged from 80.9% to 103% and repeatabilities were acceptable with relative standard deviations of less than 6.81%. The proposed MSPD-UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully utilized to analyze five batches of GGFTs, and the results demonstrated that this method is simple, efficient and has potential to be applied for the quality control of herbal preparations....(more)
Cheng XL, et al. Analyst 2013 Apr 21;138(8):2279-88.
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- 35. Protodioscin-glycosidase-1 hydrolyzing 26-O-β-D-glucoside and 3-O-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnoside of steroidal saponins from Aspergillus oryzae.
A novel protodioscin-(steroidal saponin)-glycoside hydrolase, named protodioscin-glycosidase-1 (PGase-1), was purified and characterized from the Aspergillus oryzae strain. The molecular mass of this enzyme was determined to be about 55 kDa based on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PGase-1 was able to hydrolyze the terminal 26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of protodioscin (furostanoside) to produce dioscin (spirostanoside), and then further hydrolyze the terminal 3-O-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside of dioscin to form progenin III. However, PGase-1 could hardly hydrolyze the 3-O-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside of progenin III, 3-O-β-D-glucoside of trillin, and the 1-O-glycosides of ophiopogonin D (steroidal saponin). In addition, PGase-1 also could hydrolyze the α-D-galactopyranoside, β-D-glucopyranoside, and β-D-galactopyranoside of p-nitrophenyl-glycosides, but the enzyme could not hydrolyze the α-D-mannopyranoside, α-L-arabinopyranoside, α-D-glucopyranoside, β-D-xylopyranoside, and α-L-rhamnopyranoside of p-nitrophenyl-glycosides. These new properties of PGase-1 were significantly different from those of previously described steroidal saponin-glycosidases and the glycosidases currently described in Enzyme Nomenclature by the NC-IUBMB. The gene (termed as pgase-1) encoding PGase-1 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The complete nucleotide sequence of pgase-1 consists of 1,725 bp. The recombinant PGase-1 from recombinant P. pastoris GS115 strain also showed the activity hydrolyzing glycosides of steroidal saponins which was similar to that of the wild-type PGase-1 from A. oryzae. The PGase-1 gene is highly similar to Aspergilli α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), and PGase-1 should be classified as glycoside hydrolase family 13 by the method of gene sequence-based classification. But the enzyme properties of PGase-1 are different from those of α-amylase in this family....(more)
Liu T, et al. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013 Mar 7.
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