- 1. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks.
Energy drinks contain a mixture of compounds, of which caffeine, guarana, and herbal supplements such as ginkgo and ginseng are major components. Survey of popular literature reveals anecdotal observations of adverse events associated with consumption of energy drinks. However, there are no reported cases in the published literature. We report a series of four patients who had discrete seizures on multiple occasions, following heavy consumption of energy drinks. Once the patients were abstinent from the energy drinks, no recurrent seizures were reported. We propose that the large consumption of energy drinks rich in caffeine, taurine, and guarana seed extract could have provoked these seizures....(more)
Iyadurai SJ, et al. Epilepsy Behav 2007 May;10(3):504-8.
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- 2. Antihyperglycemic Drug Gymnema sylvestre Also Shows Anticancer Potentials in Human Melanoma A375 Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Mitochondria-Dependent Caspase Pathway.
Objective. Ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves is used as a potent antidiabetic drug in various systems of alternative medicine, including homeopathy. The present study was aimed at examining if GS also had anticancer potentials, and if it had, to elucidate its possible mechanism of action.
METHODS:
We initially tested possible anticancer potential of GS on A375 cells (human skin melanoma) through MTT assay and determined cytotoxicity levels in A375 and normal liver cells; we then thoroughly studied its apoptotic effects on A375 cells through protocols such as Hoechst 33258, H2DCFDA, and rhodamine 123 staining and conducted ELISA for cytochrome c, caspase 3, and PARP activity levels; we determined the mRNA level expression of cytochrome c, caspase 3, Bcl2, Bax, PARP, ICAD, and EGFR signaling genes through semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and conducted Western blot analysis of caspase 3 and PARP. We also analyzed cell cycle events, determined reactive oxygen species accumulation, measured annexin V-FITC/PI and rhodamine 123 intensity by flow cytometry.
RESULTS:
Compared with both normal liver cells and drug-untreated A375, the mortality of GS-treated A375 cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GS induced nuclear DNA fragmentation and showed an increased level of mRNA expression of apoptotic signal related genes cytochrome c, caspase 3, PARP, Bax, and reduced expression level of ICAD, EGFR, and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2.
CONCLUSION:
Overall results indicate GS to have significant anticancer effect on A375 cells apart from its reported antidiabetic effect, indicating possibility of its palliative use in patients with symptoms of both the diseases....(more)
Chakraborty D, et al. Integr Cancer Ther 2013 Apr 24.
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- 3. Adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews.
This overview of systematic reviews (SRs) aims to evaluate critically the evidence regarding the adverse effects of herbal medicines (HMs). Five electronic databases were searched to identify all relevant SRs, with 50 SRs of 50 different HMs meeting our inclusion criteria. Most had only minor weaknesses in methods. Serious adverse effects were noted only for four HMs: Herbae pulvis standardisatus, Larrea tridentate, Piper methysticum and Cassia senna. The most severe adverse effects were liver or kidney damage, colon perforation, carcinoma, coma and death. Moderately severe adverse effects were noted for 15 HMs: Pelargonium sidoides, Perna canaliculus, Aloe vera, Mentha piperita, Medicago sativa, Cimicifuga racemosa, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Serenoa repens, Taraxacum officinale, Camellia sinensis, Commifora mukul, Hoodia gordonii, Viscum album, Trifolium pratense and Stevia rebaudiana. Minor adverse effects were noted for 31 HMs: Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia Miller, Boswellia serrata, Calendula officinalis, Harpagophytum procumbens, Panax ginseng, Vitex agnus-castus, Crataegus spp., Cinnamomum spp., Petasites hybridus, Agave americana, Hypericum perforatum, Echinacea spp., Silybum marianum, Capsicum spp., Genus phyllanthus, Ginkgo biloba, Valeriana officinalis, Hippocastanaceae, Melissa officinalis, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Cnicus benedictus, Salvia hispanica, Vaccinium myrtillus, Mentha spicata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Crocus sativus, Gymnema sylvestre, Morinda citrifolia and Curcuma longa. Most of the HMs evaluated in SRs were associated with only moderately severe or minor adverse effects....(more)
Posadzki P, et al. Clin Med 2013 Feb;13(1):7-12. Review.
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- 4. Determination of gymnemagenin in rat plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics after oral administration of Gymnema sylvestre extract.
A sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of gymnemagenin (GMG), a triterpene sapogenin from Gymnema sylvestre, in rat plasma using withaferin A as the internal standard (IS). Plasma samples were simply extracted using liquid-liquid extraction with tetra-butyl methyl ether. Chromatographic separation was performed on Luna C18 column using gradient elution of water and methanol (with 0.1% formic acid and 0.3% ammonia) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. GMG and IS were eluted at 4.64 and 4.36 min, ionized in negative and positive mode, respectively, and quantitatively estimated using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Two MRM transitions were selected at m/z 505.70 → 455.5 and m/z 471.50 → 281.3 for GMG and IS, respectively. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 5.280-300.920 ng/mL. The mean plasma extraction recoveries for GMG and IS were found to be 80.92 ± 8.70 and 55.63 ± 0.76%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of GMG after oral administration of G. sylvestre extract. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Kamble B, et al. Biomed Chromatogr 2013 May;27(5):669-75.
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- 5. The pentacyclic triterpenoids in herbal medicines and their pharmacological activities in diabetes and diabetic complications.
Pentacyclic triterpenoids including the oleanane, ursane and lupane groups are widely distributed in many medicinal plants, such as Glycyrrhiza species, Gymnema species, Centella asiatica, Camellia sinensis, Crataegus species and Olea europaea, which are commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. A large number of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, ursolic acid, betulin, betulinic acid and lupeol have shown multiple biological activities with apparent effects on glucose absorption, glucose uptake, insulin secretion, diabetic vascular dysfunction, retinopathy and nephropathy. The versatility of the pentacyclic triterpenes provides a promising approach for diabetes management....(more)
Alqahtani A, et al. Curr Med Chem 2013;20(7):908-31.
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- 6. Quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in gymnema sylvestre extract and its marketed formulations using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method.
INTRODUCTION:
Gymnema sylvestre, with gymnemic acids as active pharmacological constituents, is a popular ayurvedic herb and has been used to treat diabetes, as a remedy for cough and as a diuretic. However, very few analytical methods are available for quality control of this herb and its marketed formulations.
OBJECTIVES:
To develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC-ESI (electrospray ionisation)-MS/MS method for quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations.
METHOD:
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method using a multiple reactions monitoring mode was used for quantitation of gymnemagenin. Separation was carried out on a Luna C-18 column using gradient elution of water and methanol (with 0.1% formic acid and 0.3% ammonia).
RESULTS:
The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline ICH-Q2B and found to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of concentrations (5.280-305.920 ng/mL). Gymnemagenin contents were found from 0.056 ± 0.002 to 4.77 ± 0.59% w/w in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations.
CONCLUSION:
The method established is simple, rapid, with high sample throughput, and can be used as a tool for quality control of G. sylvestre and its formulations.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Kamble B, et al. Phytochem Anal 2013 Feb;24(2):135-40.
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- 7. Phytochemical analysis of Gymnema sylvestre and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity.
Gymnema sylvestre (CS 149), known to be a rich source of saponins and other valuable phytochemicals, has been analysed for antimicrobial activity. The chloroform extracts of aerial and root parts of G. sylvestre exhibited higher antimicrobial activity as compared to diethyl ether and acetone. The root extracts of chloroform have shown competitive minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values in the range of 0.04-1.28 mg mL(-1) and 0.08-2.56 mg/mL, respectively, towards the pathogens. The GC-MS analysis of chloroform extracts has shown the presence of compounds like eicosane, oleic acid, stigmasterol and vitamin E....(more)
Chodisetti B, et al. Nat Prod Res 2013 Mar;27(6):583-7.
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- 8. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8% of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4% by the year 2025. Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore, they have become a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants (65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties, available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used, mode of reduction in blood glucose (insulinomimetic or insulin secretagogues activity) and active phytoconstituents having insulin mimetics activity. From the review it was suggested that, plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae and Araliaceae. The most active plants are Allium sativum, Gymnema sylvestre, Citrullus colocynthis, Trigonella foenum greacum, Momordica charantia and Ficus bengalensis. The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside, epigallocatechin gallate, beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine, cinchonain Ib, leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamnoside, glycyrrhetinic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, strictinin, isostrictinin, pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents. Thus, from the review majorly, the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels. The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles....(more)
Patel D, et al. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012 Apr;2(4):320-30.
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- 9. Development and biological evaluation of Gymnema sylvestre extract-loaded nonionic surfactant-based niosomes.
Aim: To develop and characterize Gymnema sylvestre extract-loaded niosomes using nonionic surfactants, and to evaluate their antihyperglycemic efficacy in comparison with the parent extract. Materials & methods: Nonionic surfactant-based G. sylvestre extract-loaded niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The optimized formulation was screened for entrapment efficiency of the constituents, as well as other parameters such as release kinetics, vesicle size, zeta-potential and stability studies. The parent extract and optimized niosomal formulation were evaluated for their antihyperglycemic potential in an alloxan-induced diabetic animal model. Results: Niosomes prepared using Span™ 40 (SD Fine Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai, India) provided sterically stable vesicles 229.5 nm in size with zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency of 150.86 mV and 85.3 ± 4.5%, respectively. The surface morphology of vesicles was confirmed to be spherical by scanning electron microscopy studies. An in vitro release study demonstrated 77.4% of phytoconstituents release within 24 h. The niosome formulation demonstrated significant blood glucose level reduction in an oral glucose tolerance test, and increased antihyperglycemic activity compared with the parent extract in an alloxan-induced diabetic model. Conclusion: This study reveals the merits of G. sylvestre extract-loaded niosomes, and justifies the potential of niosomes for improving the efficacy of G. sylvestre extract as antidiabetic. Original submitted 30 March 2012; Revised submitted 29 August 2012....(more)
Kamble B, et al. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012 Dec 24.
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- 10. Toxicity of saponin isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito in India.
To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. The G. sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50 and 100 µg/mL); the 24h LC50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy that treatment level 100 µg/mL exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. The LC50 values of 34.756 µg/mL (24.475-51.41), 31.351 µg/mL (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 µg/mL (25.159-32.308) were calculated for acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector Control Program....(more)
Elumalai K, et al. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012 Dec;54(6):337-44.
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- 11. Evaluation of antiobesity and cardioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre extract in murine model.
OBJECTIVE:
Obesity plays a central role in the insulin resistance syndrome, which is associated with hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The present study was done to assess the effect of Gymnema sylvestre extract (GSE) in the high fat diet (HFD)-induced cellular obesity and cardiac damage in Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Adult male Wistar rats (150-200 g body weight) were used in this study. HFD was used to induce obesity. Body mass index, hemodynamic parameters, serum leptin, insulin, glucose, lipids, apolipoprotein levels, myocardial apoptosis, and antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Organ and visceral fat pad weights and histopathological studies were also carried out.
RESULTS:
Oral feeding of HFD (20 g/day) for a period of 28 days resulted in a significant increase in body mass index, organ weights, visceral fat pad weight, cardiac caspase-3, cardiac DNA laddering (indicating apoptotic inter-nucleosomal DNA fragment), and lipid peroxide levels of cardiac tissues of rats. Further, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, serum leptin, insulin, LDH, LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein-B levels were enhanced significantly, whereas serum HDL-C, apoliporotein-A1 levels, and cardiac Na(+) K(+) ATPase, antioxidant enzymes levels were significantly decreased. Furthermore, treatment with standardized ethanolic GSE (200 m/kg/p.o.) for a period of 28 days resulted in significant reversal of above mentioned changes in the obese Wistar rats.
CONCLUSION:
The present study has demonstrated the significant antiobesity potential of GSE in murine model of obesity....(more)
Kumar V, et al. Indian J Pharmacol 2012 Sep-Oct;44(5):607-13.
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- 12. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino.
A novel heteropolysaccharide (GPP-TL) was isolated from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Makino) leaf by hot water extraction, and anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. GPP-TL had a molecular weight of 9.3×103 Da and was mainly composed of glucose, galactose and arabinose, with a molar ratio of 43:5:1. Chemical structure of GPP-TL was characterized using chemical and instrumental analyses. The results indicated the presence of (1→4)-α-D-glucopyranosyl, (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyl, (1→4, 6)-linked-α-D-glucopyranosyl and terminal 1→)-α-D-glucopyranosyl moieties in a molar ratio of 5.7: 1: 1.5:1. The results indicated that GPP -TL had glucose and galactose residues in the main chain with (1→6)-linked branches at glucose residues. In addition, GPP-TL exhibited scavenging capacities against hydroxyl, peroxyl and DPPH radicals in vitro and had a stronger bile acid-binding ability than psyllium on a per weight basis....(more)
Niu Y, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Apr 29.
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- 13. Anxiolytic Effects of Herbal Ethanol Extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Mice after Exposure to Chronic Stress.
In this study, the effects of herbal ethanol extracts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX), on chronic electric footshock (EF) stress-induced anxiety disorders were investigated in mice, which were orally treated with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days, followed by exposure to EF stress (2 mA, with an interval and duration of 10 s for 3 min). After the final exposure to EF stress, the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests were performed, and the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, the serum levels of corticosterone, and the expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were determined. Treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) significantly recovered the number of entries into open arms and time spent on open arms, which was reduced by chronic EF stress. GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) also reduced the number of marbles buried, which was increased by chronic EF stress. In addition, electric EF stress significantly decreased the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which was recovered by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). The serum levels of corticosterone, which were markedly increased by chronic EF stress, were reduced by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). Chronic EF stress-induced increases in c-Fos expression were also markedly reduced by GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in the PVN. These results suggest that GP-EX shows anxiolytic functions, determined by the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests, which are mediated by modulating the activity of dopamine and serotonin neurons as well as the expression of c-Fos in the brain, and the serum levels of corticosterone. Clinical trials of herbal GP-EX and its bioactive components need further investigation....(more)
Choi HS, et al. Molecules 2013 Apr 12;18(4):4342-56.
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- 14. Dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum show fortified activity against A549 cells.
An ethanol extract from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum showed more potent cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells than that of raw G. pentaphyllum. Four constituents were isolated from heat-processed G. pentaphyllum using resin HP-20, silica gel and reversed ODS column chromatography. They were identified by mass and NMR spectra as damulin A and damulin B, gypenoside L and gypenoside LI, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of these four constituents, the MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed using A549 cells. Based on the structure of these four constituents, the results indicate that the hydroxyl group in C-2 and double bond in C20(21) and C20(22) positions are of importance in inhibition of A549 cell proliferation....(more)
Piao XL, et al. Arch Pharm Res 2013 Mar 19.
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- 15. Gynostemma pentaphyllum Tea Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
Aims. To evaluate the effect of the traditional Vietnamese herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea on insulin sensitivity in drug-naïve type 2 diabetic patients. Methods. Patients received GP or placebo tea 6 g daily for four weeks and vice versa with a 2-week wash-out period. At the end of each period, a somatostatin-insulin-glucose infusion test (SIGIT) was performed to evaluate the insulin sensitivity. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA(1C), and oral glucose tolerance tests and insulin levels were measured before, during, and after the treatment. Results. FPG and steady-state plasma glucose (SIGIT mean) were lower after GP treatment compared to placebo treatment (P < 0.001). The levels of FPG in the control group were slightly reduced to 0.2 ± 1.5 versus 1.9 ± 1.0 mmol/L in GP group (P < 0.001), and the effect on FPG was reversed after exchanging treatments. The glycometabolic improvements were achieved without any major change of circulating insulin levels. There were no changes in lipids, body measurements, blood pressure, and no reported hypoglycemias or acute adverse effects regarding kidney and liver parameters. Conclusion. The results of this study suggested that the GP tea exerted antidiabetic effect by improving insulin sensitivity....(more)
Huyen VT, et al. J Nutr Metab 2013;2013:765383.
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- 16. Characterization of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from diploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino.
A novel water-soluble polysaccharide (GPP), with a molecular mass of 7.1×10(3) Da, was isolated from the defatted whole-plant of diploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that GPP was a heteropolysaccharide mainly containing mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose, at a molar ratio of 1.00:77.33:4.81:1.83. The detailed structure analysis revealed that GPP consisted of a (1→4)-α-D-glucoside backbone with a 1→)-α-D-glucopyranosyl branch at the C-6 position of (1→4,6)-linked-α-D-glucopyranosyl on every 5 monosaccharide residues, with a few mannose, galactose and arabinose terminal residues. GPP exhibited scavenging capacities against hydroxyl, peroxyl and DPPH radicals in vitro, and had a greater bile acid-binding ability than psyllium on a per weight basis. These results suggested a potential application of GPP in functional foods and dietary supplements.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Yan W, et al. Carbohydr Polym 2013 Feb 15;92(2):2111-7.
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- 17. Core-shell nanocarriers with ZnO quantum dots-conjugated Au nanoparticle for tumor-targeted drug delivery.
Core-shell structured multifunctional nanocarriers (NCs) of ZnO quantum dots-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as core and amphiphilic hyperbranched block copolymer as shell were synthesized for targeted anticancer drug delivery. The amphiphilic hyperbranched block copolymer contained poly(l-lactide) (PLA) inner arm and folate (FA)-conjugated a sulfated polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino (GPPS-FA) outer arm. The structure and properties of core-shell structured multifunctional nanocarriers were characterized and determined by UV-visible spectra, FT-IR spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence spectroscopy and TEM analyses. The release results indicated that camptothecin (CPT) release from NCs at pH 7.4 was much greater than that at pH 5.3. The cytotoxicity studies showed that both the blank NCs and the CPT-loaded NCs provided high anticancer activity against Hela cells. Furthermore, nanocarriers gained specificity to target model cancer cells in this study due to the enhanced cell uptake mediated by FA moiety. The results indicated that the NCs not only had great potential as tumor-targeted drug delivery nanocarrier, but also had an assistant role in the treatment of cancer.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Chen T, et al. Carbohydr Polym 2013 Feb 15;92(2):1124-32.
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- 18. Ombuin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a dual agonistic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ/β.
We demonstrated that ombuin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (ombuine), a flavonoid from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is a dual agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α and δ/β. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses, and reporter gene assays, we showed that ombuine bound directly to PPARα and δ/β but not to PPARγ or liver X receptors (LXRs). Cultured HepG2 hepatocytes stimulated with ombuine significantly reduced intracellular concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol and downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), with activation of PPARα and δ/β. Activation of LXRs by ombuine was confirmed by reporter gene assays, however, SPR and cell-based FRET assays showed no direct binding of ombuine to either of the LXRs suggesting LXR activation by ombuine may be operated via PPARα stimulation. Ombuine-stimulated macrophages showed significantly induced transcription of ATP binding cassette cholesterol transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), the key genes in reverse cholesterol transport, which led to reduced cellular cholesterol concentrations. These results suggest that ombuine is a dual PPAR ligand for PPARα and δ/β with the ability to decrease lipid concentrations by reducing lipogenic gene expression in hepatocytes and inducing genes involved in cholesterol efflux in macrophages.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Malek MA, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013 Jan 25;430(4):1322-8.
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- 19. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory effect by dammarane-type triterpenes from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important factor in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type-2 diabetes), and a promising target for treatment of diabetes and obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory activities of constituents (three new together with twelve known triterpenes compounds) isolated from the hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Their structures were accomplished mainly base on the spectroscopic methods, and then were further confirmed by X-ray crystal diffraction. All the compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against PTP1B. Current data suggested that the compounds 1, 3, 12, 13 and 14 were considered to be potential as antidiabetic agents, in which they could significantly inhibit the PTP1B enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhang XS, et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013 Jan 1;23(1):297-300.
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- 20. Chemical differentiation of two taste variants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-ELSD.
To differentiate the sweet and bitter taste variants of a Chinese medicinal tea Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), a method for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(3), Rd, and F(2) in GP by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was developed. According to the different contents of the four ginsenosides, chemical differentiation of the two taste variants of GP was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA). A supplementary quantitative analysis method of using HPLC-ELSD for determination of 20(S)-panaxadiol in the hydrolysates of GP was also developed. Similarly, chemical differentiation based on different amounts of 20(S)-panaxadiol was established and the result was well consistent with that based on the analysis of the four ginsenosides. It was found that the amounts of the four ginsenosides and 20(S)-panaxadiol in the sweet taste variant were significantly higher than those in the bitter one. The significant difference between the sweet and bitter taste variants of GP was easily visualized in 3D-PCA score plots. The PCA loading plot also indicated the contributions among the four ginsenosides (Rd > Rb(3) > F(2) > Rb(1)) for distinguishing the two taste variants. This is the first report to describe the use of these two quantitative methods (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-ELSD) for the accurate authentication and quality control of GP....(more)
Lu JG, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Jan 9;61(1):90-7.
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- 21. [Experimental research on prevention and treatment of fatty liver rats with Abrus cantoniensis].
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effects of Abrus cantoniensis (AC) on blood lipid metabolism, pathomorphological change of the liver and fenestrae of liver sinus endothelial cell (LSEC) in fatty liver disease rats.
METHODS:
SD rats were divided into 7 groups: blank control group,fatty liver model group, simvastatin group (7.2 mg/kg), Gynostemma pentaphyllum group (16.2 mg/kg), high dose (40 g/kg), middle dose (20 g/kg) and low dose (10 g/kg) of AC groups. All rats except blank control group were fed with high fat diet for the first 3 weeks, then treated with different conditions as previously mentioned for the next 3 weeks while keep on feeding with high fat diet. At the 43rd day,the abdominal aortic blood was collected for measuring the serum concentration of AST, ALT, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and liver tissues were taken to make pathological sections for observation by optical microscope or were prepared for scanning electronic microscope.
RESULTS:
The levels of AST, ALT, TC, TG, LDL-C were obviously decreased while HDL-C were increased in fatty liver rats by AC high dose. Meanwhile the cell morphology of liver tissues and the fenestraes of LSEC were improved as well.
CONCLUSION:
AC can ameliorate the levels of blood lipid in fatty liver rats and improve the pathological change of liver tissues. To some extent AC has the function of prevention and treatment of fatty liver....(more)
Zhang Q, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2012 Sep;35(9):1450-5. Chinese.
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- 22. A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy method for direct analysis of several chemical components and properties of fruit, for example, Chinese hawthorn.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations were developed for the discrimination of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major) fruit from three geographical regions as well as for the estimation of the total sugar, total acid, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the discrimination of the fruit on the basis of their geographical origin. Three pattern recognition methods, linear discriminant analysis, partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, and back-propagation artificial neural networks, were applied to classify and compare these samples. Furthermore, three multivariate calibration models based on the first derivative NIR spectroscopy, partial least-squares regression, back-propagation artificial neural networks, and least-squares-support vector machines, were constructed for quantitative analysis of the four analytes, total sugar, total acid, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant activity, and validated by prediction data sets....(more)
Dong W, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Jan 23;61(3):540-6.
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- 23. Abundance of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, across different areas in central Washington, with special reference to black-fruited hawthorns.
The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), infests non-commercial apple (Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.) and native black-fruited hawthorns (mostly Crataegus douglasii Lindl.) in central Washington, but little has been published on the abundance of the fly in this region. In this paper, the abundance of R. pomonella across different sites near apple-growing areas in central Washington is documented in order to assess the threat of the fly to commercial apple orchards. The fly was first detected on traps in Klickitat, Yakima, and Kittitas Counties in 1981, 1995, and 1997, respectively. From 1981-2010 in Kittitas and Yakima Counties, only 0 to 4.7% of traps on apple, crabapple, and hawthorn trees were positive for flies, whereas in Klickitat County, located farther from commercial apple orchards, 0 to 41.9% of traps were positive. In 2008, in Yakima County and Goldendale in Klickitat County, 7.8% of black-fruited hawthorn trees were infested, with 0 to 0.00054 larvae per fruit. In 2010, in Kittitas and Yakima Counties and Goldendale in Klickitat County, 25.0% of C. douglasii trees were infested, with 0.00042 to 0.00248 larvae per fruit. In 2010, in a remote forested area of Klickitat County far from commercial apple orchards, 94.7% of C. douglasii trees were infested, with 0.20813 larvae per fruit. Overall results suggest R. pomonella is unlikely to develop high populations rapidly near major commercial apple-growing areas in central Washington, including in black-fruited hawthorns, increasing chances it can be kept out of commercial orchards....(more)
Yee WL, et al. J Insect Sci 2012;12:124.
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- 24. Polyphenolic profile and biological activity of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) fruits.
Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruits are rich in polyphenols (e.g., epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and chlorogenic acid)--active compounds that exert beneficial effects. This review summarizes all information available on polyphenolic content and methods for their quantification in Chinese hawthorn berries and the relationships between individual polyphenolic compounds as well. The influence of species or cultivars, the locality of cultivation, the stage of maturity, and extract preparation conditions on the polyphenolic content were discussed as well. Currently, only fruits of C. pinnatifida and C. pinnatifida var. major are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Chinese hawthorn fruit in lowering blood cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The fruit has also demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities. This review deals mainly with the biological activity of the fruit related to its antioxidant properties....(more)
Jurikova T, et al. Molecules 2012 Dec 6;17(12):14490-509.
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- 25. Behavioral evidence for fruit odor discrimination and sympatric host races of Rhagoletis pomonella flies in the Western United States.
The recent shift of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its native host downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced domesticated apple, Malus domestica, in the eastern United States is a model for sympatric host race formation. However, the fly is also present in the western United States, where it may have been introduced via infested apples within the last 60 years. In addition to apple, R. pomonella also infests two hawthorns in the West, one the native black hawthorn, C. douglasii, and the other the introduced English ornamental hawthorn, C. monogyna. Here, we test for behavioral evidence of host races in the western United States. through flight tunnel assays of western R. pomonella flies to host fruit volatile blends. We report that western apple, black hawthorn, and ornamental hawthorn flies showed significantly increased levels of upwind-directed flight to their respective natal compared to nonnatal fruit volatile blends, consistent with host race status. We discuss the implications of the behavioral results for the origin(s) of western R. pomonella, including the possibility that western apple flies were not introduced, but may represent a recent shift from local hawthorn fly populations.
© 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution....(more)
Linn CE Jr, et al. Evolution 2012 Nov;66(11):3632-41.
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- 26. An extract of Crataegus pinnatifida fruit attenuates airway inflammation by modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in ovalbumin induced asthma.
BACKGROUND:
Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) has long been used as a herbal medicine in Asia and Europe. It has been used for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial weakness, tachycardia, hypertension and arteriosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Crataegus pinnatifida ethanolic extracts (CPEE) on Th2-type cytokines, eosinophil infiltration, expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and other factors, using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model.
METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDING:
Airways of OVA-sensitized mice exposed to OVA challenge developed eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion and increased cytokine levels. CPEE was applied 1 h prior to OVA challenge. Mice were administered CPEE orally at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg once daily on days 18-23. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 48 h after the final OVA challenge. Levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in BALF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Lung tissue sections 4 µm in thickness were stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin for assessment of cell infiltration and mucus production with PAS staining, in conjunction with ELISA, and Western blot analyses for the expression of MMP-9, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 protein expression. CPEE significantly decreased the Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-5 levels, reduced the number of inflammatory cells in BALF and airway hyperresponsiveness, suppressed the infiltration of eosinophil-rich inflammatory cells and mucus hypersecretion and reduced the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MMP-9 and the activity of MMP-9 in lung tissue of OVA-challenged mice.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results showed that CPEE can protect against allergic airway inflammation and can act as an MMP-9 modulator to induce a reduction in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. In conclusion, we strongly suggest the feasibility of CPEE as a therapeutic drug for allergic asthma....(more)
Shin IS, et al. PLoS One 2012;7(9):e45734.
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- 27. HPLC-MSn identification and quantification of flavonol glycosides in 28 wild and cultivated berry species.
Berries and red fruits are rich dietary sources of polyphenols with reported health benefits. More than 50 different flavonols (glycosides of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, syringetin and laricitrin) have been detected and quantified with HPLC-MS(n) in fruits of blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, lingonberry, eastern shadbush, Japanese wineberry, black mulberry, chokeberry, red, black and white currants, jostaberry, red and white gooseberry, hardy kiwifruit, goji berry, rowan, dog rose, Chinese and midland hawthorn, wild and cultivated species of blackberry, raspberry, strawberry and elderberry. The phenolic constituents and contents varied considerably among the analyzed berry species. Elderberry contained the highest amount of total flavonols (450-568 mgkg(-1) FW), followed by berry species, containing more than 200 mgkg(-1) FW of total: chokeberry (267mgkg(-1)), eastern shadbush (261 mgkg(-1)), wild grown blackberry (260 mgkg(-1)), rowanberry (232 mgkg(-1)), american cranberry (213 mgkg(-1)) and blackcurrants (204 mgkg(-1)). Strawberry (10.5 mgkg(-1)) and white currants (4.5 mgkg(-1)) contained the lowest amount of total flavonols. Quercetins represent the highest percentage (46-100%) among flavonols in most analyzed berries. In wild strawberry and gooseberry the prevailing flavonols belong to the group of isorhamnetins (50-62%) and kaempferols, which represent the major part of flavonols in currants (49-66%). Myricetin glycosides could only be detected in chokeberry, rowanberry and species from the Grossulariaceae, and Adoxaceae family and Vaccinium genus. Wild strawberry and blackberry contained from 3- to 5-fold higher total flavonols than the cultivated one.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Mikulic-Petkovsek M, et al. Food Chem 2012 Dec 15;135(4):2138-46.
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- 28. On the scent of standing variation for speciation: behavioral evidence for native sympatric host races of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the southern United States.
Standing variation can be critical for speciation. Here, we investigate the origins of fruit odor discrimination for Rhagoletis pomonella underlying the fly's sympatric shift in the northeastern United States from downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to apple (Malus domestica). Because R. pomonella mate on host fruit, preferences for natal fruit volatiles generate prezygotic isolation. Apples emit volatiles that appear to be missing from gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection profiles for flies infesting downy hawthorns, raising the question of how R. pomonella evolved a preference for apple. In the southern United States, R. pomonella attacks several native hawthorns. Behaviorally active volatile blends for R. pomonella infesting southern hawthorns contain the missing apple volatiles, potentially explaining why downy hawthorn flies could have evolved to be sensitive to a blend of apple volatiles. Flight tunnel assays imply that southern hawthorn populations were not the antecedent of a preassembled apple race, as southern flies were not attracted to the apple volatile blend. Instead, behavioral evidence was found for southern host races on native hawthorns, complementing the story of the historical sympatric shift to introduced apple in the North and illustrating how R. pomonella may evolve novel combinations of agonist and antagonist responses to volatiles to use new fruit resources.
© 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution....(more)
Powell TH, et al. Evolution 2012 Sep;66(9):2739-56.
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- 29. Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evidences from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs to evaluate the efficiency and safety of TCM in the treatment of NAFLD. Studies were searched on PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010. RCTs comparing either TCM formulations alone or in combination with placebo, ursodeoxycholic acid, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering drugs, or antioxidants were included. The category of most usually used herbs in the treatment of NAFLD was also calculated. Five thousand nine hundred and four patients from 62 RCTs were included for meta-analysis and 25,661 patients from 419 clinical studies were for TCM formulation analysis. Comparing with western medicines mentioned above, TCM had a better effect on the normalization of alanine aminotransferase and disappearance of radiological steatosis in the treatment of NAFLD. Furthermore, 246 kinds of Chinese herbs were included in our present study, with an average of 10 herbs (range 1-31) in each formulation. Hawthorn Fruit (321 times in 17,670 patients) was the most often used herb in the treatment of NAFLD. In conclusion, TCM is of modest benefit to the treatment of NAFLD....(more)
Shi KQ, et al. Mol Biol Rep 2012 Oct;39(10):9715-22.
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- 30. [Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in Chinese hawthorn fruit].
OBJECTIVE:
To develop an LC-MS method for identification of flavonoids in Chinese hawthorn fruits and an HPLC method for quantification of 5 flavonoids.
METHOD:
Accurate molecular weights of the target flavonoids were acquired by time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes. The flavoniods were then further confirmed by standards. An RP-HPLC method was established to quantitatively analysis five major flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin) in hawthorn fruits from ten different regions.
RESULTS:
The molecular formulae of 8 components were determined by TOF-MS. In the quantitative method validation, the method is linear over the studied range of 1.8-178.5, 2.2-284.8, 2.7-270. 6,1.5-150.0, 1.5-150.0 mg x L(-1) for chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, respectively. The correlation coefficient for each analyze was greater than 0.999. The inter-day precision of the analysis was lower than 4%, The RSDs of precision and stability were lower than 5%. The recovery rate was from 98.5% to 102.5%, and RSDs were less than 3.5%.
CONCLUSION:
The method is simple, specific and reliable, and is suitable for quality control of Chinese hawthorn....(more)
Zhang H, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Mar;37(5):601-5. Chinese.
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- 31. Ephedra alte (joint pine): an invasive, problematic weedy species in forestry and fruit tree orchards in Jordan.
A field survey was carried out to record plant species climbed by Ephedra alte in certain parts of Jordan during 2008-2010. Forty species of shrubs, ornamental, fruit, and forest trees belonging to 24 plant families suffered from the climbing habit of E. alte. Growth of host plants was adversely affected by E. alte growth that extended over their vegetation. In addition to its possible competition for water and nutrients, the extensive growth it forms over host species prevents photosynthesis, smothers growth and makes plants die underneath the extensive cover. However, E. alte did not climb all plant species, indicating a host preference range. Damaged fruit trees included Amygdalus communis, Citrus aurantifolia, Ficus carica, Olea europaea, Opuntia ficus-indica, and Punica granatum. Forestry species that were adversely affected included Acacia cyanophylla, Ceratonia siliqua, Crataegus azarolus, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia palaestina, Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Retama raetam, Rhamnus palaestina, Rhus tripartita, and Zizyphus spina-christi. Woody ornamentals attacked were Ailanthus altissima, Hedera helix, Jasminum fruticans, Jasminum grandiflorum, Nerium oleander, and Pyracantha coccinea. Results indicated that E. alte is a strong competitive for light and can completely smother plants supporting its growth. A. communis, F. carica, R. palaestina, and C. azarolus were most frequently attacked....(more)
Qasem JR. ScientificWorldJournal 2012;2012:971903.
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- 32. Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F, a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, alpha-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.
RESULTS:
In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.
CONCLUSIONS:
TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Tao W, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2010 Apr 21;128(3):575-82.
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- 33. The pharmacokinetics of C-glycosyl flavones of Hawthorn leaf flavonoids in rat after single dose oral administration.
Hawthorn leaf flavonoids (HLF) are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Various potential pharmacodynamic effects have been observed for vitexin-4''-O-glucoside (VOG) and vitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside (VOR) which are the main constituents of HLF. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of VOG and VOR when a single dose of HLF was administrated orally. The levels of VOG and VOR in plasma, tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain), bile, urine and feces were measured by HPLC-UV. The results showed that VOG and VOR have the similar pharmacokinetics. Both of them were absorbed quickly into plasma with maximal plasma concentrations of VOG and VOR being reached within 0.75 h. The mean elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of VOG and VOR were 2.53 h and 2.32 h, respectively. High levels of tissue distribution of VOG and VOR were observed in liver and kidney. No VOG and VOR were detected in brain tissue. There was no long-term accumulation of VOG and VOR in rat tissues examined. The total recovery of the dose in 24 hours was 64.91% (0.70% in urine; 64.21% in feces) for VOG and 89.01% (0.72% in urine; 88.29% in feces) for VOR. The cumulative VOG and VOR excreted in bile represented 0.58% and 13.38% of the doses, respectively. VOG and VOR in HLF were not efficiently absorbed in the rodent gastrointestinal tract.
(c) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved....(more)
Ma LY, et al. Phytomedicine 2010 Jul;17(8-9):640-5.
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- 34. Screening and structural characterization of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from hawthorn leaf flavonoids extract by ultrafiltration LC-DAD-MS(n) and SORI-CID FTICR MS.
In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays and ultrafiltration liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ultrafiltration LC-DAD-ESI-MS(n)) were combined to screen alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from hawthorn leaf flavonoids extract (HLFE). As a result, four compounds were identified as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the HLFE, and their structures were confirmed to be quercetin-3-O-rha- (1-4)-glc-rha and C-glycosylflavones (vitexin-2"-O-glucoside, vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside and vitexin) by high-resolution sustained off resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) data obtained by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). Several other C-glycosylflavones (vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isooriention) and their aglycones apigenin and luteolin were evaluated by in vitro assays, and were found to possess strong alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well. Moreover, the substituent groups on the flavones had a great impact on the enzyme inhibition activity. C-3'-OH of the B-ring of flavones in particular increased the alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity, whereas C-glycosylations at C-6 or C-8 of the A ring weakened the inhibition activity....(more)
Li H, et al. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009 Aug;20(8):1496-503.
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- 35. [Protective effect of hawthorn leaf procyanidins on cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury].
OBJECTIVE:
To study the direct effect of hawthorn leaf procyanidins on cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and elucidate their therapeutic mechanism on ischemic heart diseases.
METHOD:
Cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats were subjected to anoxia-reoxia injury which simulated the ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo, and hawthorn leaf procyanidins were applied. The therapeutic effect was valued by LDH leakage and MTT test. For a further mechanism study, contents of MDA and activities of SOD in cardiomyocytes were measured.
RESULT:
Hawthorn leaf procyanidins in 24-60 mg x L(-1) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited LDH leakage (compared with the model group, all P<0.01 ) and cell viability decrease (compared with model group, 24-48 mg x L(-1) groups all P<0.05; 60 mg x L(-1) group, P<0.01) in cardiomyocytes induced by anoxia-reoxia injury. Furthermore, hawthorn leaf procyanidins in 24-60 mg x L(-1) significantly inhibited the increase of MDA content (compared with the model group, all P<0.01) and the decreased of SOD activity (compared with the model group, 24 mg x L(-1) group, P<0.05; other groups all P<0.01) in cardiomyocytes undergoing anoxia-reoxia injury.
CONCLUSION:
Hawthorn leaf procyanidins have a significant therapeutic effect on the simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which may relate to their anti-oxidation effects. And the direct protective effect of hawthorn leaf procyanidins on cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury may be one of the key mechanisms of its therapeutic effect on ischemic heart diseases....(more)
Li P, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009 Jan;34(1):96-9. Chinese.
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