- 1. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group strains recovered from broiler faeces.
1. The objective was to evaluate the occurrence of cultivable components of the Bacteroides fragilis group in faeces of broiler chickens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. 2. Faecal samples of 36 × 45-d-old Cobb broilers of both sexes from 15 different flocks on one farm were diluted 10-fold and plated on to Bacteroides-bile-esculin agar for colony count and isolation. Identification was by molecular methods and antimicrobial susceptibility in the agar dilution assay. 3. A total of 236 isolates was recovered from a mean population of 3·32 × 10(7 )colony-forming units/g of faeces. B. fragilis was shown to be the predominant Bacteroides species (45·3%), followed by B. distasonis (35·6%), B. vulgatus (8·9%), B. ovatus (2·5%) and B. stercoris (1·3%). 4. Among 204 bacterial isolates tested, high resistance to ampicillin (98·5%), norfloxacin (95·1%) and tetracycline (88·2%) were observed. High (89·7%) multi-drug resistance was observed to 3-7 of the tested drugs. 5. Components of the B. fragilis group were sub-dominant in broiler faecal microbiota, with a different species pattern compared with human and high antimicrobial multi-drug resistance....(more)
Garcia GD, et al. Br Poult Sci 2012 Feb;53(1):71-6.
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- 2. Diversity of Melissococcus plutonius from honeybee larvae in Japan and experimental reproduction of European foulbrood with cultured atypical isolates.
European foulbrood (EFB) is an important infectious disease of honeybee larvae, but its pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. The causative agent, Melissococcus plutonius, is a fastidious organism, and microaerophilic to anaerobic conditions and the addition of potassium phosphate to culture media are required for growth. Although M. plutonius is believed to be remarkably homologous, in addition to M. plutonius isolates with typical cultural characteristics, M. plutonius-like organisms, with characteristics seemingly different from those of typical M. plutonius, have often been isolated from diseased larvae with clinical signs of EFB in Japan. Cultural and biochemical characterization of 14 M. plutonius and 19 M. plutonius-like strain/isolates revealed that, unlike typical M. plutonius strain/isolates, M. plutonius-like isolates were not fastidious, and the addition of potassium phosphate was not required for normal growth. Moreover, only M. plutonius-like isolates, but not typical M. plutonius strain/isolates, grew anaerobically on sodium phosphate-supplemented medium and aerobically on some potassium salt-supplemented media, were positive for β-glucosidase activity, hydrolyzed esculin, and produced acid from L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, and salicin. Despite the phenotypic differences, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization demonstrated that M. plutonius-like organisms were taxonomically identical to M. plutonius. However, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, these typical and atypical (M. plutonius-like) isolates were separately grouped into two genetically distinct clusters. Although M. plutonius is known to lose virulence quickly when cultured artificially, experimental infection of representative isolates showed that atypical M. plutonius maintained the ability to cause EFB in honeybee larvae even after cultured in vitro in laboratory media. Because the rapid decrease of virulence in cultured M. plutonius was a major impediment to elucidation of the pathogenesis of EFB, atypical M. plutonius discovered in this study will be a breakthrough in EFB research....(more)
Arai R, et al. PLoS One 2012;7(3):e33708.
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- 3. Preparative isolation and purification of seven main antioxidants from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Du-zhong) leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment.
Seven antioxidants were purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment. HSCCC was successfully used to separate target antioxidants by three runs with different solvent systems after D101 column chromatography fractionation. Ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1:2:3, v/v/v) was selected as the optimum solvent system to purify geniposidic acid. Ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (4:1:5, v/v/v) was used to isolate caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. While three flavonoids, quercetin-3-O-sambubioside, rutin and isoquercitrin were purified by petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v). The structures were identified by MS and NMR. Antioxidant activities were assessed, and compounds 2-7 showed strong antioxidant activities. This is the first report about separation of antioxidants from E. ulmoides leaves by HSCCC. The results indicated that the combinative methods using DPPH-HPLC and HSCCC could be widely applied for screening and isolation of antioxidants from complex extracts.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Dai X, et al. Food Chem 2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):563-70.
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- 4. Combination of preparative HPLC and HSCCC methods to separate phosphodiesterase inhibitors from Eucommia ulmoides bark guided by ultrafiltration-based ligand screening.
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are widely used because of their various pharmacological properties, and natural products are considered the most productive source of PDE inhibitors. In this work, a new ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry based ligand screening was developed for the first screening of PDE inhibitors from Eucommia ulmoides bark, and then the target bioactive compounds were prepared by combination of stepwise preparative HPLC and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) methods. Experiments were conducted to optimize the parameters in ultrafiltration, stepwise preparative HPLC, and HSCCC to allow rapid and effective screening and isolation of active compounds from complex mixtures. Seven lignans with purity over 97 % were isolated and identified by their UV, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and NMR data as (+)-pinoresinol-4,4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (+)-medioresinol-4,4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), (+)-syringaresinol-4,4'-di-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (4), (-)-olivil-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (-)-olivil-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (6), and (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). Compound 2 was first isolated from the genus Eucommia. Lignan diglucopyranosides (compounds 1-4) shower a greater inhibitory effect than lignan monoglucopyranosides (compounds 5-7). The method developed could be widely applied for high-throughput screening and preparative isolation of PDE inhibitors from natural products....(more)
Shi SY, et al. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013 May;405(12):4213-23.
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- 5. Optimization of extraction of Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides by response surface methodology.
In this study, extraction yield of Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides was optimized by the utilization of response surface methodology (RSM). Based on contour plots and variance analysis, optimum operational conditions for maximizing extraction yield were found to be extraction time 80 min, ratio of water to raw material 3, and extraction number 3. Then, we investigated the protective effect of the E. ulmoides polysaccharides on the tissue peroxidative damage and abnormal antioxidant levels in ischemia reperfusion (IR) induced renal toxicity in male albino rabbits. Decrease in all the enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non-enzymatic antioxidant (glutathione (GSH)), along with an increase in the lipid peroxidative index (malondialdehyde) was found in all the renal ischemia reperfusion (RIR) rabbits as compared with normal controls. The findings indicate that the extract of E. ulmoides polysaccharides can protect the kidney against IR induced oxidative damage in rabbits.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Hong YK, et al. Carbohydr Polym 2013 Feb 15;92(2):1761-6.
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- 6. Seasonal difference in antioxidant capacity and active compounds contents of Eucommia ulmoides oliver leaf.
Leaf of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (EU) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine and a functional food in China. Antioxidant contents of EU leaves, which were collected monthly during the period of May-October in three years, were determined. Samples' antioxidant capacity was characterized by DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferrous chelating ability, and antioxidant capacity in linoleic acid emulsion and in rapeseed oil assays. The results showed that contents of some active compounds and antioxidant activity were related to a certain time of the year. Samples collected in August showed high content of phenolics, and the samples collected in May contained higher amount of flavonoids than other samples. Leaves collected in May or June exhibited high contents of rutin, quercetin, geniposidic acid and aucubin. The August leaves showed stable and high DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferrous chelating ability. May samples showed strong inhibitory effects on oxidation of rapeseed oil and linoleic acid. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was related to the total phenolics content. Flavonoids played an important role in the inhibitory effects on rapeseed oil and linoleic acid oxidation. Therefore, August and May were indicated as the best months to harvest EU leaves for industry....(more)
Zhang Q, et al. Molecules 2013 Feb 1;18(2):1857-68.
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- 7. A new ursane-type nor-triterpenoid from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.
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- 8. Overexpression of an isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene to enhance trans-polyisoprene production in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.
BACKGROUND:
Natural rubber produced by plants, known as polyisoprene, is the most widely used isoprenoid polymer. Plant polyisoprenes can be classified into two types; cis-polyisoprene and trans-polyisoprene, depending on the type of polymerization of the isoprene unit. More than 2000 species of higher plants produce latex consisting of cis-polyisoprene. Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) produces cis-polyisoprene, and is the key source of commercial rubber. In contrast, relatively few plant species produce trans-polyisoprene. Currently, trans-polyisoprene is mainly produced synthetically, and no plant species is used for its commercial production.
RESULTS:
To develop a plant-based system suitable for large-scale production of trans-polyisoprene, we selected a trans-polyisoprene-producing plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, as the target for genetic transformation. A full-length cDNA (designated as EuIPI, Accession No. AB041629) encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI) was isolated from E. ulmoides. EuIPI consisted of 1028 bp with a 675-bp open reading frame encoding a protein with 224 amino acid residues. EuIPI shared high identity with other plant IPIs, and the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed IPI enzymatic activity in vitro. EuIPI was introduced into E. ulmoides via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic lines of E. ulmoides overexpressing EuIPI showed increased EuIPI expression (up to 19-fold that of the wild-type) and a 3- to 4-fold increase in the total content of trans-polyisoprenes, compared with the wild-type (non-transgenic root line) control.
CONCLUSIONS:
Increasing the expression level of EuIPI by overexpression increased accumulation of trans-polyisoprenes in transgenic E. ulmoides. IPI catalyzes the conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate to its highly electrophilic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate, which is the first step in the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, including polyisoprene. Our results demonstrated that regulation of IPI expression is a key target for efficient production of trans-polyisoprene in E. ulmoides....(more)
Chen R, et al. BMC Biotechnol 2012 Oct 30;12:78.
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- 9. [Enzymatic extraction and antibacterial activity of aucubin from Eucommia ulmoides leaves].
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the technology of Aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides leaves extracted by enzymatic method and its antibacterial activity.
METHODS:
Aucubin in Eucommia ulmoides leaves was extracted by cellulase method. The extraction technology was optimized using the content of Aucubin as index. The antibacterial activity of Aucubin was determined.
RESULTS:
The results showed that the optimum technology was as follows; The solid-liquid ratio was 1:12, extracted for 50 min by 0.4% enzyme at 50 degrees C in pH 6.0. The extraction rate of Aucubin was as high as 17.892 mg/g. The Aucubin extracted could obviously inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the MIC of Aucubin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 4.832 mg/mL and 9.664 mg/mL respectively. However, Aucubin presented weak inhibitory effect on Streptococcus pneumonia and MG-hemolytic streptococcus, the MIC of Aucubin against them were all 28.946 mg/mL.
CONCLUSION:
The extraction technology obtained in this experiment is reasonable and feasible with high extraction rate, and the Aucubin has some antibacterial activity....(more)
Zheng J, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2012 Feb;35(2):304-6. Chinese.
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- 10. Eucommia leaf extract (ELE) prevents OVX-induced osteoporosis and obesity in rats.
The cortex of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is widely used to treat kidney deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine. Its leaves have recently been reported to have anti-obesity properties in metabolic syndrome-like rat models. Due to a sharp decline in estrogen production, obesity, together with osteoporosis, are common problems in postmenopausal women. In this study, we examined the potential effect of Eucommia leaf extract (ELE) in preventing osteoporosis and obesity induced by ovariectomy (OVX). Forty-six female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Sham-Cont, OVX-Cont, and four OVX groups administered estradiol and different concentrations of ELE 1.25%, ELE 2.5%, and ELE 5%. Treatments were administered after ovariectomy at six weeks of age and continued for 12 weeks. OVX induced a significant decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar, femora, and tibiae, together with a marked increase in body mass index (BMI). The administration of 5% ELE led to a significant increase in tibial and femoral BMD, as well as significantly increased bone-strength parameters when compared with OVX-Cont rats. According to the suppressed Dpd and increased osteocalcin concentrations in ELE 5% rats, we suggest that varying proportions of bone formation and bone absorption contributed to the enhanced BMD in the femora and tibiae. In addition, significant decreases in body weight, BMI and fat tissue in 5% ELE rats were also observed. These results suggest that ELE may have curative properties for BMD and BMI in OVX rats, and could provide an alternative therapy for the prevention of both postmenopausal osteoporosis and obesity....(more)
Zhang W, et al. Am J Chin Med 2012;40(4):735-52.
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- 11. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Bark. protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Bark. (EUE), has commonly been used to fortify the muscles and lungs, lower blood pressure, prevent miscarriage, improve the tone of liver and kidneys, and promote longevity the traditional tonic medicines of Korea, China, and Japan.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
In this study, we investigated that the neuroprotective activities and possible mechanisms of EUE aqueous extract in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced neuronal cell death in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
MATERIAL AND METHOD:
We examined the effects of EUE against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity, DNA condensation, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), the proteolysis of cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cleaved caspase-3, and release of cytochrome c. Moreover, we attempted to determine whether EUE suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt.
RESULTS:
Pretreatment with EUE increased cell viability and inhibited cytotoxicity and DNA condensation. EUE also attenuated the increase in ROS production and MMP reduction. Western blot data revealed that EUE inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced up- or down-regulation of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. The EUE inhibited release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, and significantly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK 1/2, and PI3K/Akt.
CONCLUSION:
The potent neuroprotective capacity of EUE, shown in these experiments, may potentially be applied in the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Kwon SH, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2012 Jul 13;142(2):337-45.
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- 12. Construction and analysis of EST libraries of the trans-polyisoprene producing plant, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is one of a few woody plants capable of producing abundant quantities of trans-polyisoprene rubber in their leaves, barks, and seed coats. One cDNA library each was constructed from its outer stem tissue and inner stem tissue. They comprised a total of 27,752 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing 10,520 unigenes made up of 4,302 contigs and 6,218 singletons. Homologues of genes coding for rubber particle membrane proteins that participate in the synthesis of high-molecular poly-isoprene in latex were isolated, as well as those encoding known major latex proteins (MLPs). MLPs extensively shared ESTs, indicating their abundant expression during trans-polyisoprene rubber biosynthesis. The six mevalonate pathway genes which are implicated in the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a starting material of poly-isoprene biosynthesis, were isolated, and their role in IPP biosynthesis was confirmed by functional complementation of suitable yeast mutants. Genes encoding five full-length trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases were also isolated, and two among those synthesized farnesyl diphosphate from IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate, an assumed intermediate of rubber biosynthesis. This study should provide a valuable resource for further studies of rubber synthesis in E. ulmoides....(more)
Suzuki N, et al. Planta 2012 Nov;236(5):1405-17.
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- 13. Quinolone alkaloids with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa.
Five new quinolone alkaloids, euocarpines A-E (16-20), four new natural products (1, 4, 12, and 14), and eleven known natural products were isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against three strains and for their cytotoxic activity against four human tumor cell lines. The results revealed that 5, 7-11, 13, 14, and 16-20 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities (MIC values: 4-128 μg/mL), and 9, 11, 14, and 17 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HepG-2, Hela, BEL7402, and BEL7403 (IC50 values: 15.85-56.36 μM).
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V....(more)
Wang XX, et al. Fitoterapia 2013 May 4.
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- 14. Inhibitory effects of Korean indigenous plants on tyrosinase and melanogenesis.
To search for new depigmenting cosmetic ingredients from Korean herbal extracts of traditional Korean medicines (TKMs), we screened about 17 TKM extracts collected in the Republic of Korea. Samples were prepared from the natural plants, including medicinal plants such as Chrysanthemum indicum (flower), using methanol, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol, and water as the extraction and/or the partitioning solvents. We then tested their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis by using in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay, in vitro l-3,4-dihydroxy-indole-2-carboxylic acid (l-DOPA) auto-oxidation assay, and B16 melanoma cells. In addition, cytotoxicity testing (NR50 and MTT50) was conducted to evaluate safety. From the results of these assays, four fractions with good efficacy and low toxicity were selected among them, including EtOAc fraction of Smilax china (rhizome), Paeonia lactiflora (root), and Polyporus umbellatus (sclerotium), and BuOH fraction of Evodia officinalis (fruit). In the inhibition assay of intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cell line, the four plant fractions showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects, and the EtOAc fraction of P. lactiflora showed the highest activity among the four fractions. The EtOAc fraction of P. lactiflora was found to be the most effective substrate....(more)
Hun Son K, et al. J Cosmet Sci 2013 Mar-Apr;64(2):145-58.
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- 15. Rutaecarpine effects on expression of hepatic phase-1, phase-2 metabolism and transporter genes as a basis of herb-drug interactions.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Rutaecarpine is an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa which is traditionally used to treat human diseases. Rutaecarpine has been used in combination with other drugs in the treatment of disorders and found to produce herb-drug interactions. The basis of these herb-drug interactions is not completely understood.
AIM OF STUDY:
To examine the effects of rutaecarpine on the expression of drug processing genes, including Phase-1 (P450 enzyme genes), Phase-2 (glucuronidation and sulfation genes) and Phase-3 (drug transporters) in liver of mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Mice were orally administered rutaecarpine at the doses of 10, 20, and 30mg/kg for consecutive 7 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, blood and liver were collected. Total RNA was isolated, purified, and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis of genes of interest.
RESULTS:
Rutaecarpine administration induced Cyp1a2, 2b10 and 2e1 as previously reported. Cyp3a11 and Cyp4a10 were also induced. For phase-2 enzyme genes, rutaecarpine increased glucuronyltransferases (Ugt1a1 and Ugt1a6), but had no effects on sulfotransferase (Sult1a1 and Sult1b1). Most interestingly, rutaecarpine increased hepatic uptake of organic anion transporting peptides (Oatp1a1, Oayp1a4, Oatp1b2, and Oatp2b1) and induced efflux transporter such as multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrp1, Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), especially at the doses of 20mg/kg and above.
CONCLUSION:
The interactions of rutaecarpine with drugs involve not only the induction of cytochrome P450 enzyme genes, but also the induction of hepatic transporters and phase-2 enzyme genes. The effects of rutaecarpine on these drug processing genes could play integrated roles in producing herb-drug interactions.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhu QN, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 May 2;147(1):215-9.
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- 16. In vitro anti-proliferative effects of Zuojinwan on eight kinds of human cancer cell lines.
Zuojinwan (ZJW), a famous Chinese medicinal formula, contains two medicinal herbs Coptis chinese Frach and Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth in the ratio of 6: 1. The inhibitory effects of ZJW on eight kinds of human cancer cell lines including SMMC-7721, BEL-7402, BEL-7404, HepG2, A549, NCI-H446, NCI-H460 and HCT- 116 cells were evaluated, and the possible mechanism was investigated. The growths of the eight kinds of cancer cells were inhibited by ZJW assessed through MTT assay. Flow cytometry assay revealed a sub-G1 peak with reduced DNA content was formed. The cell cycle was arrested in the G0/G1 phase in ZJW-treated SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells, and in the S phase for NCI-H460 cells. Significant DNA damage was produced by ZJW assessed with single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Morphological changes were also observed. Caspase-3 and -9 activities were increased following ZJW treatment. Western blot analysis showed that Bax and Bak protein levels were increased after ZJW treatment, while Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl protein levels were decreased. Our results suggest that ZJW has significant anti-cancer activities due to induction of mitochondria- dependent apoptosis pathway. Therefore, ZJW has the potential to be a novel chemotherapy drug to treat hepatoma, lung cancer and colon cancer by suppressing tumor growth....(more)
Xu L, et al. Cytotechnology 2013 Feb 9.
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- 17. Investigation of the in vitro metabolism of evodiamine: characterization of metabolites and involved cytochrome p450 isoforms.
Evodiamine is the main active alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa (E. rutaecarpa) and has been demonstrated to exhibit many pharmacological activities including vasorelaxation, uterotonic action, anoxia and control of body temperature. The present study focused on the metabolism of evodiamine. Human and phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomal incubation of evodiamine in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of five major metabolites (M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5). Four metabolites (M-1, M-2, M-3 and M-5) were identified to mono-hydroxylated evodiamine and one metabolite (M-4) was identified to be N-demethylated evodiamine. CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 were identified to be the main CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of evodiamine in human liver microsomes. Finding new metabolites can help us decipher novel substance basis of efficiency and toxicity. Elucidation of drug metabolizing enzymes will facilitate explaining the individual difference for response to the same drugs or herbs and the potential drug-drug interaction or herb-drug interaction. Taken together, these results are of significance for better understanding the pharmacokinetic behaviour of evodiamine and helpful for clinical application of evodiamine and E. rutaecarpa. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Sun HZ, et al. Phytother Res 2013 May;27(5):705-12.
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- 18. [Study on the infrared fingerprint of Evodia rutaecarpa based on the methods of sequential analysis of dual-indexes].
OBJECTIVE:
To establish a method to identify the different origins of herba Evodia rutaecarpa by IR and provide a new technique for their identification and quality evaluation.
METHODS:
The herba materials were extracted by chloroform and absolute alcohol, the powder and the extracts of Evodia rutaecarpa were mixed and pelleted with KBr. The slides were detected within 4000 - 400 cm(-1) by FIR spectrophotometry. The Difference of samples was studied.
RESULTS:
The infrared spectrums of Evodia rutaecarpa extracted by chloroform were obviously different.
CONCLUSION:
The method can be used to identify and appraise the different origins of herba Evodia rutaecarpa....(more)
Pu YC, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2012 Oct;35(10):1586-90. Chinese.
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- 19. [Full-length cDNA clone and sequence analysis of Cu/Zn-SOD gene from Evodia rutaecarpa].
OBJECTIVE:
To clone full-length sequence of Cu/Zn-SOD gene of Evodia rutaecarpa.
METHODS:
The genes ORF,3,and 5,noncoding regions were achieved using the RACE technology.
RESULTS:
This genes full-length was 717 bp, the open reading frame was 459 bp and 152 amino acids were encoded. The accession number of GenBank was JQ285851.
CONCLUSION:
This Cu/Zn-SOD gene is full-length cDNA sequence of Evodia rutaecarpa and it has high homology than other plants....(more)
Wu B, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2012 Sep;35(9):1385-8. Chinese.
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- 20. [Flavonoid glycosides from dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa].
OBJECTIVE:
To study the chemical constituents from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia (Euodia) rutaecarpa.
METHOD:
The compounds were separated and purified by solvent and chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic techniques.
RESULT:
Fifteen compounds were separated from the normal butanol extracts of the 70% aqueous ethanol extract of the dried and nearly ripe fruits of E. rutaecarpa. Among of them, four compounds were reported in the essay and identified as diosmetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (2), diosmin (3) and chrysoeriol-7-O-rutinoside (4).
CONCLUSION:
Compounds 1, 3 and 4 were separated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of E. rutaecarpa for the first time....(more)
Hu CQ, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Sep;37(17):2571-5. Chinese.
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- 21. ["Dose-time-toxicity" relationship study on hepatotoxicity caused by multiple dose water extraction components of Evodiae Fructus to mice].
OBJECTIVE:
To study on the time-toxicity and dose-toxicity relationships caused by multiple dose water extraction components of Evodia Fructus to mice.
METHOD:
Mice were grouped according to different time or dose points, to observe the death condition and toxicity of mice. The changes of the activity of ALT, AST and liver, kidney index were detected, and the morphological changes of liver tissue were observed under light microscope.
RESULT:
On the first day after administration the hepatotoxicity which displayed with obvious increase of ALT, AST activity in serum and liver tissue and hepatic injury appeared. On the third day the hepatotoxicity kept a higher level that the active units in serum ALT, AST were significantly higher than the normal group. On the 7th day after administration ALT, AST level in serum are restored near normality. Compared with the normal group, within 7 days after the administration, water extracted components in 0.63-5.0 g x kg(-1) dose scope could cause significant damage to liver, the activity of ALT, AST, AKP, TBI elevated, while ALB reduced, and liver ratio increased, and under light microscope, the different doses' liver tissue of mice all had different degree's edema, fatty degeneration in liver cells and interstitial congestion. There were certain time-toxicity and dose-toxicity relationships. The above-mentioned change gradually aggravated with dose increasing, and it was the obvious discrepancy compared with distilled water control group.
CONCLUSION:
Multiple intragastric administrations of water extracted components of Evodia Fructus with certain dosage may induce acute hepatotoxical injury in mice and show certain "dosage-time-toxicity" relationship....(more)
Huang W, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Aug;37(15):2223-7. Chinese.
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- 22. [Research on toxicity characteristics in Evodia Fructus of different orgins and producing areas].
OBJECTIVE:
To study the toxicity of water extracts from the fruits of Evodia Fructus in different producing areas.
METHOD:
Compare the toxicity of the extracts from different Evodia Fructus on mice by the methods of acute and subacute toxicity test. The mice were given the extracts for 1 d to test the maximal tolerance dose (MTD) or maximal dose and observe the acute toxic symptoms; The mice were given the extracts for 15 d and then detected the level of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglyceride (TG). The liver index was calculated, and the liver histological changes were investigated.
RESULT:
The MTD of water extracts from the fruits of Evodia Fructus is 62, 44.8, 35.84 g x kg(-1); the MTD of Evodia Fructus is 56, 44. 8, 35.84 g x kg(-1); the maximal dose of Evodia Fructus is 60, 54, 45 g x kg(-1). The toxic symptoms of the mice which had been given the nine samples were almost consistent. Compared with the control group in subacute toxicity test, the level of serum ALT and the liver index were all increased. The liver histological were changed.
CONCLUSION:
When water extracts from the fruits of Evodia Fructus are given to mice one or more times. It may be toxic and induce liver damage. There is no significant correlation between the toxicity and Evodia orgins, while the toxicity seems to be more closely related to the producing area....(more)
Li L, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Aug;37(15):2219-22. Chinese.
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- 23. Investigation of the in vitro metabolism of evodiamine: characterization of metabolites and involved cytochrome p450 isoforms.
Evodiamine is the main active alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa (E. rutaecarpa) and has been demonstrated to exhibit many pharmacological activities including vasorelaxation, uterotonic action, anoxia and control of body temperature. The present study focused on the metabolism of evodiamine. Human and phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomal incubation of evodiamine in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of five major metabolites (M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5). Four metabolites (M-1, M-2, M-3 and M-5) were identified to mono-hydroxylated evodiamine and one metabolite (M-4) was identified to be N-demethylated evodiamine. CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 were identified to be the main CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of evodiamine in human liver microsomes. Finding new metabolites can help us decipher novel substance basis of efficiency and toxicity. Elucidation of drug metabolizing enzymes will facilitate explaining the individual difference for response to the same drugs or herbs and the potential drug-drug interaction or herb-drug interaction. Taken together, these results are of significance for better understanding the pharmacokinetic behaviour of evodiamine and helpful for clinical application of evodiamine and E. rutaecarpa. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Sun HZ, et al. Phytother Res 2013 May;27(5):705-12.
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- 24. Essential role of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 in evodiamine-mediated protection against atherosclerosis.
AIM:
We investigated whether transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) was involved in the therapeutic effect of evodiamine, a main bioactive component in the fruit of Evodiae rutaecarpa, on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and ApoE(-/-)TRPV1(-/-) mice.
METHODS:
Histopathology was examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining, levels of cytokines and mediators were evaluated by ELISA kits, and protein expression was determined by Western blotting.
RESULTS:
Chronic administration with evodiamine (10 mg kg(-1) body weight) reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesions and alleviated the hyperlipidaemia and systemic inflammation, as well as hepatic macrovesicular steatosis, in ApoE(-/-) mice. Treating ApoE(-/-) mice with evodiamine enhanced hepatic cholesterol clearance, as revealed by upregulation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5, ABCG8 and cholesterol 7α-hydrolase. Genetic deletion of TRPV1 in ApoE(-/-) mice promoted the progression of atherosclerosis; elevated the serum levels of cholesterol, cytokines and chemokines; and exacerbated hepatic macrovesicular steatosis. Moreover, genetic deletion of TRPV1 abrogated the evodiamine-evoked atheroprotection but not anti-obesity effect in ApoE(-/-) mice.
CONCLUSION:
Evodiamine may confer novel TRPV1-dependent atheroprotection and TRPV1-independent anti-obesity action.
© 2012 The Authors Acta Physiologica © 2012 Scandinavian Physiological Society....(more)
Wei J, et al. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013 Feb;207(2):299-307.
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- 25. Evodiamine inhibits STAT3 signaling by inducing phosphatase shatterproof 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling 3 (STAT3) has been linked with the survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and immunosuppression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs). Agents that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential to be cancer therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of evodiamine on STAT3 pathway in vitro and the anti-tumor effect of evodiamine in vivo in HCC. We found that evodiamine suppressed both constitutive and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced activation of STAT3 tyrosine 705 (Tyr(705)) effectively. The phosphorylation of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2), Src and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were also suppressed by evodiamine. Interestingly, treatment of cells with sodium pervanadate abrogated the inhibition of evodiamine on IL-6-induced STAT3 (Tyr(705)) activation indicating the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Indeed, further studies demonstrated that evodiamine induced the expression of phosphatase shatterproof 1 (SHP-1). Moreover, inhibition of SHP-1 gene by small interference RNA abolished the ability of evodiamine to inhibit IL-6-induced STAT3 (Tyr(705)) activation. Evodiamine also suppressed STAT3 DNA binding activity and down-regulated the expression of STAT3-mediated genes leading to the suppression of proliferation, induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo, evodiamine significantly inhibited tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft model with HepG2 cells. In summary, evodiamine blocked STAT3 signaling pathway by inducing SHP-1 and exhibited anticancer effect in vitro and in vivo....(more)
Yang J, et al. Cancer Lett 2013 Jan 28;328(2):243-51.
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- 26. Evodiamine activates autophagy as a cytoprotective response in murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells.
Autophagy is a self-defense mechanism that provides nutrition and energy for cell survival by recycling the cytoplasm and organelles. Hence, chemotherapy is rendered less effective against cancer cells. Evodiamine is a previously described biological agent that possesses a cytotoxic activity in multiple cancer cells. However, little is known about evodiamine-induced autophagy in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. In this study, LLC cells and a xenograft model were used. By use of a panel of techniques such as MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, immunocytochemistry and TUNEL assay, the effects on the induction of apoptosis and autophagy were evaluated. We demonstrated that evodiamine inhibited LLC cell growth and induced apoptosis through caspase-independent manner in vitro and caspase-dependent pathway in vivo. In addition, we showed for the first time that evodiamine promoted autophagosome formation by enhancing the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II and upregulating the expression of autophagy-specific genes (Atgs). Moreover, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, attenuated evodiamine-induced autophagy through decreasing the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. The inhibition of autophagy was found to increase cell death and enhance evodiamine-induced apoptosis in vitro in a caspase-independent manner and in vivo in a caspase-dependent manner. In conclusion, evodiamine promoted autophagy in LLC cells and autophagy inhibition enhanced evodiamine-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that evodiamine-induced autophagy plays a cytoprotective role in LLC cells and evodiamine combined with autophagy inhibitor therapy could increase the chemosensitivity of LLC cells....(more)
Tu YJ, et al. Oncol Rep 2013 Feb;29(2):481-90.
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- 27. Topoisomerase I inhibitor evodiamine acts as an antibacterial agent against drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Topoisomerase inhibitors have been developed in a variety of clinical applications. We investigated the inhibitory effect of evodiamine on E. coli topoisomerase I, which may lead to an anti-bacterial effect. Evodiamine inhibits the supercoiled plasmid DNA relaxation that is catalyzed by E. coli topoisomerase I, and computer-aided docking has shown that the Arg161 and Asp551 residues of topoisomerase I interact with evodiamine. We investigated the bactericidal effect of evodiamine against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Evodiamine showed a significantly lower minimal inhibitory concentration value (MIC 128 µg/mL) compared with antibiotics (>512 µg/mL) against the clinical isolate of K. pneumoniae. The results suggested that evodiamine is a potential agent against drug-resistant bacteria....(more)
Wu JY, et al. Planta Med 2013 Jan;79(1):27-9.
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- 28. Differential expression of lipid metabolism genes in the liver and adipose tissue of mice treated with evodiamine.
Evodiamine is the main active alkali of Wu Zhuyu, a widely distributed Chinese herb. It plays an important role in the regulation of body fat deposition. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of evodiamine administration on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue. Fasted mice were subcutaneously injected with evodiamine (37°C, 20 mg/kg), and the core body temperature change and expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were evaluated at baseline, 0.5, 1 and 2 h. We detected the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthesis enzyme (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), steroid regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1C), triglyceride hydrolase (TGH) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and analyzed their correlation with core body temperature. Our results showed that the core body temperature was reduced greater than 1°C with evodiamine treatment at 1 and 2 h (P < 0.01). In mouse livers, SREBP-1C, HSL, and TGH mRNA expression was significantly increased, and they reached the highest levels 1 h after injection (P < 0.01). However, PPAR-γ mRNA expression was decreased and reached a significant level at 0.5 h (P < 0.01) and FAS mRNA expression was not significantly different; FAS and SREBP-1c mRNA expression were reduced and reached significant levels at 1 h (P < 0.01). Of note, other genes demonstrated opposite changes in adipose tissue, and HSL mRNA expression was significantly reduced at 0.5 h (P < 0.01). The decreasing core temperature had a significant negative correlation with the expression of TGH, HSL, FAS, and SREBP- 1C mRNA in the liver (P < 0.01), but had significant positive correlation with levels of FAS and SREBP-1c mRNA in adipose tissue (P < 0.01). In light of these results, the main regulation mechanism of the regulation of body fat deposition by evodiamine is raising energy consumption through reducing body temperature and promoting fat decomposition....(more)
Jiang DF, et al. Genet Mol Res 2013 Jan 4;12(AOP).
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- 29. Simultaneous Determination of Six Bioactive Compounds in Evodiae Fructus by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection.
A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six bioactive components, rutaevine, limonin, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, N-formyldihydrorutaecarpine and dihydroevocarpine, in the traditional Chinese medicine Evodiae Fructus (Wuzhuyu in Chinese). HPLC separation was conducted on an Agilent Eclipse C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm) at 35°C with a mixture of mobile phase A [tetrahydrofuran-0.02% phosphoric acid (16 : 35)] and mobile phase B (acetonitrile) (gradient elution as follows: 0 min, 22% B; 23 min, 22% B; 24 min, 75% B) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the DAD detection wavelength was set at 220 nm. A linear relationship within the range of investigated concentrations was observed for the six compounds, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The average recovery yields of the six compounds ranged from 98.39 to 104.96%. The HPLC-DAD method was validated by its repeatability [relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2.0%] and intra-day and inter-day precision (RSD < 2.0%). The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the six previously mentioned components in Evodiae Fructus. It is the first report of a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis for three classes of bioactive components in Wuzhuyu, including the indolequinazoline alkaloids, quinolone alkaloid and limonoids. Based on these results, it is suggested, for possible future revision of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, that the total contents of evodiamine and rutaecarpine are not less than 0.15% and the total contents of rutaevine and limonin are not less than 0.50%....(more)
Tang X, et al. J Chromatogr Sci 2013 Feb 1.
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- 30. Simultaneous determination of evodiamine and evodine in Beagle dog plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
A sensitive, rapid, and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay has been established and validated for the quantitation of evodiamine and evodine in Beagle dog plasma. Plasma samples of 0.2 ml were processed by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v). Chromatographic separations were done on a Symmetry C(18) column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, ID, 5 μm) at 35°C with a linear gradient of methanol and 20 mM ammonium formate containing 0.2% formic acid. Evodiamine, evodine, and glibenclamide [internal standard (IS)] were ionized with an electrospray ionization source operated in positive ion mode. The MS/MS transitions were m/z 304.1 → 161.1 for evodiamine, m/z 471.2 → 425.1 for evodine, and m/z 494.1 → 369.1 for IS. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng/ml for evodiamine and 0.5-500 ng/ml for evodine. The mean extraction recoveries were 88.10 ± 3.21% for evodiamine and 81.24 ± 4.07% for evodine. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 11.10% and 12.81%, and the accuracy was within ± 11.76% for both analytes. Evodiamine and evodine were stable during storage and analytical periods. The validated method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine and evodine in beagle dogs after oral administration....(more)
Xia YY, et al. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2013 Feb 18.
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- 31. Pharmacological actions of multi-target-directed evodiamine.
Evodiamine, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, is one of the main bioactive ingredients of Evodiae fructus. With respect to the pharmacological actions of evodiamine, more attention has been paid to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, obesity, nociception, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, infectious diseases and thermo-regulative effects. Evodiamine has evolved a superior ability to bind various proteins, so we also argue that it is good starting point for multi-target drugs. This review is primarily addressed to the description of the recent advances in the biological activity studies of evodiamine, with a focus on pharmacological mechanism. The present review also includes the pharmacokinetics and the detailed exploration of target-binding properties of evodiamine in an attempt to provide a direction for further multi-target drug design....(more)
Yu H, et al. Molecules 2013 Jan 31;18(2):1826-43.
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- 32. Simultaneous determination of three alkaloids, four ginsenosides and limonin in the plasma of normal and headache rats after oral administration of Wu-Zhu-Yu decoction by a novel ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: applicatio
A novel, sensitive and reliable ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of eight main active ingredients (evodiamine, rutaecarpine, dehydroevodiamine, limonin, ginsenoside Rb1 , Rd, Re and Rg1 ) in rat plasma after oral administration of Wu-Zhu-Yu (WZY) decoction, which is a celebrated and widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for the treatment of headache. The analytes and internal standard (IS) were separated on a SHIM-PACK XR-ODS II column, and the detection was performed on a UFLC-MS/MS system with turbo ion spray source. The lower limits of quantification were 1.5, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.2 ng ml(-1) for evodiamine, rutaecarpine, dehydroevodiamine, limonin, gensenoside Rb1 , Rd, Re and Rg1 , respectively. Linearity, accuracy, precision and absolute recoveries of the eight analytes were all within satisfaction. The IS-normalized matrix factor was adopted for assessing the matrix effect and accompanied with a satisfactory result. The validated method has been successfully applied to compare pharmacokinetic profiles of the eight active ingredients in rat plasma between normal and headache rats after administration. Exact pharmaceutical effect of WZY decoction on headache was demonstrated by the ethological response of headache rats induced by nitric oxide donor after administration. The results indicated that the absorption of evodiamine, rutaecarpine, gensenoside Rb1 , Re and Rg1 in headache group were significantly higher than those in normal group with similar concentration-time curves while no significant differences existed in limonin and ginsenoside Rd between the two groups. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Xu H, et al. J Mass Spectrom 2013 Apr;48(4):519-32.
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- 33. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal use of wild and cultivated plants in middle, south and west Bosnia and Herzegovina.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
The results of an ethnobotanical study on the use of wild and cultivated plants in middle, west and south Bosnia and Herzegovina (Western Balkan Peninsula; Southeast Europe) carried out in the years 2006-2009 are presented. Despite the country's extraordinary high plant diversity with about 3600 known species of vascular plants, plant usage in traditional medicine remained largely unexplored in the past. The purpose of this study was the systematic collection of information about usage of wild and cultivated plants in human therapy from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Information was gathered by performing so called open ethnobotanical interviews by which data on the name, age and occupation of the interviewed person; the geographic locality and date of the interview; the name of the used plant; part of the plant used; the prescription background and preparation procedure as well as the indication was systematically collected. Plants mentioned to be used by the informants were collected, taxonomically determined and corresponding material was deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy of the University of Vienna.
RESULTS:
In total, 34 places including villages and mountain areas were visited and 51 people, known as 'traditional healers' by the rest of the inhabitants, questioned. 228 wild and cultivated species and 730 different preparations for the use in human therapy were recorded. Species of the genera Achillea, Hypericum, Mentha, Teucrium, Thymus, and Urtica were particularly highly recommended by the majority of the informants. The most frequently mentioned indications were urogenital tract disorders, respiratory system disorders, gastrointestinal tract disorders, skin ailments, blood system disorders, nervous system disorders, cardiovascular system disorders, and rheumatism. Infusions were the most frequently prepared formulation. Other applied preparations mentioned with decreasing frequency were decocts, ointments, direct application of plants without prior preparation, fluid unctions, sirups and tinctures or collars, freshly pressed juices, powders, and finally macerations. Balms known as "mehlems" were special to Bosnia and were prepared from freshly chopped or freshly pressed herbal parts of various plants. Warmed resins from Abies or Picea species, bees wax, raw cow or pig lard, olive oil and honey were used as additives in the mehlem formulations. Representatives of the genera Arctium, Carlina, Euphrasia, Hypericum, Plantago, Teucrium, and Urtica were most frequently used in these balms. Prescriptions were verbally delivered, usually from mother to daughter and for even more than six generations. For the purpose of further analyses and comparisons, the collected data were inserted in the so called "VOLKSMED" data base of Austrian prescriptions.
CONCLUSIONS:
The identified broad variety of indications and their frequent applications suggests that traditional plant use is of high importance and still crucial for the medicinal accommodation of Bosnian people. Fifty-seven of the species reported by Bosnian people were used in official pharmacy. In addition, a variety of less known plants has been used since ages in traditional therapy of this country and hence may be potential sources for new therapies. Therefore, further pharmaceutical research into this particular and scientifically still underexplored proportion of Bosnian plant biodiversity appears promising and is recommended by the authors.
(c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Sari?-Kundali? B, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2010 Aug 19;131(1):33-55.
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- 34. Heterotrophic carbon gain by the root hemiparasites, Rhinanthus minor and Euphrasia rostkoviana (Orobanchaceae).
Hemiparasitic plants gain virtually all mineral nutrients and water from their host plant whilst organic carbon is provided, at least in part, by their own photosynthetic activity, although their rates of assimilation are substantially lower than that found in non-parasitic plants. Hence, hemiparasites must gain at least some of their organic carbon heterotrophically from the host plant. Despite this, heterotrophic carbon gain by root hemiparasites has been investigated only for a few genera. We investigated heterotrophic carbon gain by two root hemiparasites, Rhinanthus minor L. and Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne (Orobanchaceae), using natural abundance stable isotope (delta(13)C) profiles of both parasites attached to C(3) (wheat) and C(4) (maize) hosts coupled to a linear two-source isotope-mixing model to estimate the percentage of carbon in the parasite that was derived from the host. Both R. minor and E. rostkoviana attached to maize hosts were significantly more enriched in (13)C than those attached to wheat hosts with R. minor becoming more enriched in (13)C than E. rostkoviana. The natural abundance (13)C profiles of both parasites were not significantly different from their wheat hosts, but were less enriched in (13)C than maize hosts. Using a linear two-source isotope-mixing model, we estimated that R. minor and E. rostkoviana adult plants derive c. 50 and 25% of their carbon from their hosts, respectively. In light of these results, we hypothesise that repeatedly observed negative effect of competition for light on hemiparasites acts predominantly in early ontogenetic stages when parasites grow unattached or the abstraction of host nutrients is less effective....(more)
Tesitel J, et al. Planta 2010 Apr;231(5):1137-44.
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- 35. [Antioxidant activity of different phenolic fractions separated from Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne].
Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne (Eyebright) is a valuable part of the traditional folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory herb since centuries. Since oxidative stress may underlie as a key feature of inflammatory process, the methanolic extract ofEuphrasia rostkoviana Hayne (eyebright) and its methanolic fractions were evaluated for antioxidant activity by the use of ABTS and DPPH decolorization assays. Fractionation of the Soxhlet extract was accomplished by polyamide column chromatography. For chemical characterisation HPLC-DAD-MS/MS was used. Fraction 1., dominated by a glycosilated caffeic acid derivative, exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, IC50: 11.88 microg/ml and 4.24 microg/ml, respectively, which are notable results if compared to the investigated standards. Fractions of flavonoid glycosides proved to have similarly strong, but lower effect. The scavenging reaction of the two radical cations were comparable, IC50 results were differing, while precision not....(more)
Blazics B, et al. Acta Pharm Hung 2009;79(1):11-6. Hungarian.
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