- 1. The effects of an Echinacea preparation on synaptic transmission and the firing properties of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.
Traditionally, Echinacea preparations are used as antiinflammatory agents and immune-enhancers. In addition to these effects, their anxiolytic potency has been recognized recently in laboratory tests. Our aim in this study was to uncover the potential effects of an Echinacea preparation on neuronal operations in the hippocampus, a brain region that is involved in anxiety and anxiety-related behaviors. Using in vitro electrophysiological techniques, we observed that excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices was significantly suppressed by an Echinacea extract found to be effective in anxiety tests. In contrast, no change in inhibitory synaptic transmission could be detected upon application of this extract. In addition, our experiments revealed that at low concentration the Echinacea extract reduced the spiking activity of CA1 pyramidal cells, while at high concentration increased it. This latter observation was parallel to the reduction in the magnitude of the h-current-mediated voltage responses in pyramidal cells. At any concentrations, the passive membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal cells were found to be unaltered by the Echinacea extract. In summary, the Echinacea extract can significantly regulate excitatory, but not inhibitory, synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, and this action might be involved in its anxiolytic effects observed in behaviour tests....(more)
Hájos N, et al. Phytother Res 2012 Mar;26(3):354-62.
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- 2. Safety of Herbal Medicinal Products: Echinacea and Selected Alkylamides Do Not Induce CYP3A4 mRNA Expression.
A major safety concern with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMP) is their interactions with conventional medicines, which are often mediated via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Echinacea is a widely used over-the-counter HMP, with proven immunomodulatory properties. Its increasing use makes research into its safety an urgent concern. Previously, we showed that Echinacea extracts and its alkylamides (thought to be important for Echinacea's immunomodulatory activity) mildly inhibit the enzymatic activity of the main drug metabolising CYP isoforms, but to this date, there is insufficient work on its ability to alter CYP expression levels. We now report for the first time the effect of a commercial Echinacea extract (Echinaforce) and four Echinacea alkylamides on the transcription of the major drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. HepG2 cells were exposed for 96 h to clinically relevant concentrations of Echinaforce (22, 11.6 and 1.16 μg mL(-1)) or the alkylamides (1.62 and 44 nM). CYP3A4 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither Echinaforce nor the alkylamides produced any significant changes in the steady-state CYP3A4 mRNA levels, under these conditions. In contrast, treatment with 50 μM rifampicin resulted in a 3.8-fold up-regulation over the vehicle control. We conclude that Echinaforce is unlikely to affect CYP3A4 transcriptional levels, even at concentrations which can inhibit the enzymatic activity of CYP3A4. Overall, our data provides further evidence for the lack of interactions between Echinacea and conventional drugs....(more)
Modarai M, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:213021.
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- 3. Efficacy and safety of a multiherbal formula with vitamin C and zinc (Immumax) in the management of the common cold.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the potential efficacy and tolerability of a natural multiherbal formula (Immumax) containing Echinacea extract 120 mg, garlic powder 100 mg, Nigella sativa oil 200 mg, and Panax ginseng extract 50 mg plus vitamin C 50 mg and elemental zinc 7.5 mg in the treatment of patients suffering from the common cold.
DESIGN AND SETTING:
The study was conducted in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study design in an outpatient setting.
PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Sixty-two eligible patients with symptoms of the common cold were randomized to either Immumax or placebo treatment groups for the duration of their symptoms or a maximum of 14 days. Resolution rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and resolution profiles were compared between groups using the log-rank test. The mean percentage change in total symptom severity scores at days 4 and 8 from baseline were compared between the two groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS:
The median (interquartile range) time to resolution of all symptoms was 8 (5-9) days in the placebo group and 4 (3-6) days in the Immumax group. The results of the log-rank test indicate that symptoms resolved significantly faster in the Immumax group than in the placebo group (P < 0.001). The mean percentage reduction in total symptom severity scores from baseline at days 4 and 8 was significantly greater in the Immumax group than in the placebo group by one-way ANOVA (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION:
We can conclude from our study that Immumax is helpful in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms....(more)
Yakoot M, et al. Int J Gen Med 2011 Jan 12;4:45-51.
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- 4. Absolute/relative bioavailability and metabolism of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides (tetraenes) after intravenous and oral single doses to rats.
The present study assessed the absolute and relative bioavailabilities of dodeca-2 E,4 E,8 Z,10 E/ Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides (tetraenes), the main bioactive constituents in Echinacea, administered as pure compounds or in the form of an Echinacea purpurea root extract preparation. Tetraenes were administered orally by gavage or intravenously in a dose of 0.75 mg/kg. The extract was administered orally in a dose of 158.6 mg/kg which corresponds to the same amount of tetraenes. Pharmacokinetic parameters of tetraenes were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using WinNonlin® 5.2 software. Mean dodeca-2 E,4 E,8 Z,10 E/ Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide dose-normalized plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC-∞/dose) was 3.24 ± 0.32 min · ng/mL/µg and 0.95 ± 0.16 min · ng/mL/µg after iv and oral administrations, respectively, and 1.53 ± 0.18 min · ng/mL/µg after oral administration of the Echinacea root extract. The absolute oral bioavailability of dodeca-2 E,4 E,8 Z,10 E/ Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides was 29.2 ± 2.3%, which was increased to 47.1 ± 7.2% (1.6-fold) by administration of the Echinacea extract. Administration of an Echinacea extract increased blood exposure with no impact on C(max), but prolonged the elimination half-life to 123.3 ± 15.7 min in comparison to 35.8 ± 6.5 min after administration of the pure dodeca-2 E,4 E,8 Z,10 E/ Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides....(more)
Ardjomand-Woelkart K, et al. Planta Med 2011 Nov;77(16):1794-9.
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- 5. Bactericidal and anti-inflammatory properties of a standardized Echinacea extract (Echinaforce): dual actions against respiratory bacteria.
Common symptoms of upper respiratory infections, such as sore throat, cough, and inflammation, are often caused by bacteria, sometimes as a complication of virus infection. Extracts of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae) have been advocated traditionally for use by individuals suffering from these symptoms, although the underlying basis for the beneficial effects of Echinacea is not known. We hypothesized that Echinacea could inactivate certain respiratory bacteria and could also reverse inflammatory effects caused by these bacteria in epithelial cells. In order to test this we used a commercial standardized extract of Echinacea purpurea (Echinaforce), and a novel cytokine array system designed to measure simultaneously the levels of 20 different cytokines secreted by bronchial epithelial cell cultures in response to infection. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep), which is often associated with sore throat and more severe pulmonary infections, was readily inactivated by Echinacea, which also completely reversed the cellular pro-inflammatory response. Hemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila were also readily inactivated, and their pro-inflammatory responses reversed. Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant and sensitive strains) and Mycobacterium smegmatis were less sensitive to the bactericidal effects of Echinacea however, but their pro-inflammatory responses were still completely reversed. In contrast some other pathogens tested, including Candida albicans, were relatively resistant. Thus Echinaforce) exerts a dual action against several important respiratory bacteria, a killing effect and an anti-inflammatory effect. These results support the concept of using a standardized Echinacea preparation to control symptoms associated with bacterial respiratory infections....(more)
Sharma SM, et al. Phytomedicine 2010 Jul;17(8-9):563-8.
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- 6. A standardized Echinacea extract demonstrates efficacy in the prevention and treatment of colds in athletes.
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- 7. The effect of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract on rat cytochrome P450 expression level.
It is claimed that application of botanical supplements or herbal medicinal products with synthetic drugs that are cytochrome P450 enzymes substrates may induce significant herb-drug interactions and may alter pharmacotherapy. Echinacea preparations are one of the best selling products in the Europe and their medicinal use is still increasing but data about interactions of Echinacea extract with CYP enzymes are limited. In this study, we have investigated potential influence of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract containing 3.7% polyphenolic compounds on the mRNA expression level of major CYP450 enzymes using animal model. Total RNA was isolated from the rat liver tissue according to the manufacturer's protocol. Complementary DNA was synthesized from a mature mRNA template using reverse transcription. The level of mRNA expression in liver was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR using specific target primers for CYP450 genes. In this study, it was demonstrated a significant increase of rat CYP2D1 and CYP1A1 expression level by 40% (p = 0.007) and 80% (p = 0.01), respectively. A weak inductory effect of the extract was observed for CYP1A2 by 16% (p > 0.05) compared with the control group. The levels of rat CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 mRNA were reduced by 41% (p < 0.05) and 25% (p = 0.001), respectively. A weak inhibitory effect was observed for CYP2D2 by 15% (p = 0.008) and CYP2C6 by 18% (p = 0.004) after long application of the Echinacea ethanolic extract. CYP2D2 and CYP2C6 activities were also inhibited by extract but in a lesser degree than CYP3A1 activity. Moreover, very little or no inhibition was noted for CYP2E1 both after 3 and 10 days of treatment. Our in vivo data indicate that the Echinacea ethanolic extract can potently inhibit the expression of CYP3A1/2 and can also induce of CYP1A1, CYP2D1. These findings suggest that Echinacea extract may influence the P450-mediated metabolism of different drugs and may initiate chemical carcinogenesis by activation of some compounds to their carcinogenic metabolites....(more)
Mrozikiewicz PM, et al. Phytomedicine 2010 Aug;17(10):830-3.
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- 8. Disruption of fungal cell wall by antifungal Echinacea extracts.
In addition to widespread use in reducing the symptoms of colds and flu, Echinacea is traditionally employed to treat fungal and bacterial infections. However, to date the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of Echinacea extracts remains unclear. We utilized a set of &...(more)
Mir-Rashed N, et al. Med Mycol 2010 Nov;48(7):949-58.
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- 9. Effects of Echinacea extract on the performance, antibody titres, and intestinal histology of layer chicks.
1. This research was conducted to determine the effect of diet supplementation with Echinacea extract (cichoric acid) on the growth performance, antibody titres and intestinal tissue histology of layer chicks. 2. White, 1-d-old, Hy-Line hybrid chicks (n = 540) were divided into three treatments, each consisting of 6 groups of 30 chicks (n = 180): (1) control; (2) 2·5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed; and (3) 5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed. The trial lasted 60 d. 3. While the growth performance of the chicks was depressed between d 1 and 45, it was found to improve between d 45 and 60. 4. Feed consumption was lower in both of the cichoric-acid-fed groups than in the control group between d 1-15 and 15-30, but was higher between d 30 and 45. Overall, mean feed consumption did not differ between the control and cichoric-acid-fed groups during the 60 d study period. 5. During the 60 d evaluation period, live weight gain, feed utilisation rate and final live weight were higher in the control group than in both of the cichoric-acid-fed groups. 6. Antibody titres against infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease did not differ between the three groups, but those for Newcastle disease were higher in the 2·5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed group than in the control group after 45 d. 7. Height and width of the jejunal villus and the thickness of the muscle layer were lower in the 5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed group than in both the control and the 2·5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed groups. The height of the ileal villus was also lower in the 5 mg/kg cichoric-acid-fed group than in the other two groups. 8. Echinacea extract supplementation for layer chicks appears not to benefit growth performance and intestinal histology during the growing period....(more)
Gurbuz E, et al. Br Poult Sci 2010 Dec;51(6):805-10.
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- 10. Fish oil induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in BioF1B hamsters is attenuated by elderberry extract.
We have previously reported fish oil induced hyperlipidemia in BioF1B hamsters compared with Golden Syrian (GS) hamsters. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract is abundant in anthocyanins and is believed to exert cardioprotective effects primarily by virtue of its hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential. In the current study, high-fat fish oil feeding increased oxidative stress in BioF1B hamsters compared with GS hamsters; this increase was associated with increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and liver. We then investigated whether cosupplementation with anthocyanin-rich elderberry extract would reverse fish oil induced hyperlipidemia and reduce lipid peroxidation in BioF1B hamsters. Plasma and hepatic lipids decreased significantly when hamsters were fed diets containing elderberry extract along with fish oil. Both plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed significant reductions upon cosupplementation with elderberry extract in fish oil fed BioF1B hamsters. Our findings demonstrate that cosupplementation with elderberry extract reverses hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation observed with dietary fish oil alone in BioF1B hamsters....(more)
Dubey P, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012 Jun;37(3):472-9.
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- 11. In Vitro efficacy of antimicrobial extracts against the atypical ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.
BACKGROUND:
Mycoplasmosis is a common infection in human and veterinary medicine, and is associated with chronic inflammation and high morbidity. Mycoplasma species are often intrinsically resistant to many conventional antimicrobial therapies, and the resistance patterns of pathogenic mycoplasmas to commonly used medicinal (antimicrobial) plant extracts are currently unknown.
METHODS:
Aqueous extracts, ethanol extracts, or oils of the targeted plant species and colloidal silver were prepared or purchased. Activity against the wall-less bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri was determined and compared to activities measured against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution assays. The lethal or inhibitory nature of each extract was determined by subculture into neat growth medium.
RESULTS:
Growth of M. mycoides capri, E. coli, and B. subtilis was inhibited by elderberry extract, oregano oil, ethanol extract of oregano leaves, and ethanol extract of goldenseal root. No inhibition was seen with aqueous extract of astragalus or calendula oil. Growth of M. mycoides capri and B. subtilis was inhibited by ethanol extract of astragalus, whereas growth of E. coli was not. Similarly, M. mycoides capri and E. coli were inhibited by aqueous extract of thyme, but B. subtilis was unaffected. Only B. subtilis was inhibited by colloidal silver. Measured MICs ranged from 0.0003 mg/mL to 3.8 mg/mL. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects differed by species and extract.
CONCLUSIONS:
The atypical pathogen M. mycoides capri was sensitive to extracts from many medicinal plants commonly used as antimicrobials in states of preparation and concentrations currently available for purchase in the United States and Europe. Variation in bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities between species and extracts indicates that multiple effecter compounds are present in these plant species....(more)
Arjoon AV, et al. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012 Oct 2;12:169.
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- 12. Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses.
BACKGROUND:
Black elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) are well known as supportive agents against common cold and influenza. It is further known that bacterial super-infection during an influenza virus (IV) infection can lead to severe pneumonia. We have analyzed a standardized elderberry extract (Rubini, BerryPharma AG) for its antimicrobial and antiviral activity using the microtitre broth micro-dilution assay against three Gram-positive bacteria and one Gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections of the upper respiratory tract, as well as cell culture experiments for two different strains of influenza virus.
METHODS:
The antimicrobial activity of the elderberry extract was determined by bacterial growth experiments in liquid cultures using the extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The inhibitory effects were determined by plating the bacteria on agar plates. In addition, the inhibitory potential of the extract on the propagation of human pathogenic H5N1-type influenza A virus isolated from a patient and an influenza B virus strain was investigated using MTT and focus assays.
RESULTS:
For the first time, it was shown that a standardized elderberry liquid extract possesses antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria of Streptococcus pyogenes and group C and G Streptococci, and the Gram-negative bacterium Branhamella catarrhalis in liquid cultures. The liquid extract also displays an inhibitory effect on the propagation of human pathogenic influenza viruses.
CONCLUSION:
Rubini elderberry liquid extract is active against human pathogenic bacteria as well as influenza viruses. The activities shown suggest that additional and alternative approaches to combat infections might be provided by this natural product....(more)
Krawitz C, et al. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011 Feb 25;11:16.
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- 13. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles.
The berries of European elder are used in traditional German medicine for various complaints. Due to insufficient research data, elderberry fruit was not monographed by the German Commission E at the end of the last century. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to summarize the pharmacological and clinical effects of elderberry fruit. Several databases and other sources were searched to identify in vitro and animal studies, and clinical trials investigating elderberry fruit preparations. For the latter, the level of evidence was evaluated as described previously. Elderberry fruit preparations may provide antioxidant, antiviral and antiproliferative effects in vitro. One animal experiment and one clinical trial were able to back the antioxidative impact in terms of a weak antilipidemic effect. Antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects seem possible, but need further support. In rats, an aqueous elderberry fruit extract produced central depression and analgesia and an ethanol fruit extract improved acetic acid-induced colitis. Several in vitro studies together with two exploratory studies in humans and one open study in chimpanzees indicate that the aqueous elderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. These promising effects of elderberry fruit preparations from experimental and clinical studies should be backed by more rigorous studies before these preparations are recommended in the prevention of diseases and in treatment schedules....(more)
Vlachojannis JE, et al. Phytother Res 2010 Jan;24(1):1-8.
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- 14. Fast profiling of anthocyanins in wine by desorption nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry appears to be a useful technique applicable in different areas (e.g. analysis of pharmaceuticals, identification of biologically active compounds in tissues, imaging mass spectrometry). Its modification termed desorption nano-electrospray (nano-DESI) was tested for analysis of anthocyanins. Acidifying of samples and acidic spray liquid (methanol:water=75:25 with 0.2% HCOOH) were essential for obtaining good quality spectra. Profiles of main anthocyanins in wine samples, two vintages (2005 and 2007) of three cultivars (Alibernet, Neronet and Rubinet), were successfully acquired. They were in agreement with results of LC/MS experiments (anthocyanins isolated by solid phase extraction were separated by mu-HPLC with gradient elution and detected by ESI-MS). Nano-DESI-MS data also allowed to determine ratio of two cultivars (Neronet and Rubinet) in their mixture and to detect coloring of wine by tenturier or elderberry extract. Detection of main anthocyanins in slices of wine grape, chokeberries and elderberries or in a wine stain on cotton fabric is also presented....(more)
Hartmanova L, et al. J Chromatogr A 2010 Jun 18;1217(25):4223-8.
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- 15. HIV type-1 entry inhibitors with a new mode of action.
BACKGROUND:
The development of antiviral drugs has provided crucial new means to mitigate or relieve the debilitating effects of many viral pathogens. Regular use of these drugs has led to generation of resistant strains, making the control of many viral infections very difficult, particularly in HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients. A rich source for the discovery of new HIV infection inhibitors has been, and continues to be, the 'mining' of the large diversity of compounds already available in nature, and specifically those from botanical extracts.
METHODS:
Using a newly developed direct binding assay with mass spectrometry technology (direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry), we were able to show that compounds present in extracts of elderberry, cinnamon and green tea bind to and block HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection in target cells.
RESULTS:
The compounds that blocked HIV-1 infection were flavonoids and A-type proanthocyanidins. The 50% inhibitory concentration values of these extracts ranged from 0.5 to 201 microg/ml for four different HIV-1 serotypes. Interaction matrices with the elderberry extract and enfuvirtide, a peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, revealed significant super additive effects. This indicates that the compounds in elderberry that prevent HIV-1 infection are likely to bind to viral glycoproteins other than gp41 (the binding site for enfuvirtide).
CONCLUSIONS:
Optimized elderberry, green tea and cinnamon extracts rich in certain flavonoid compounds were shown to block HIV-1 entry and infection in GHOST cells. As such, these types of botanical extracts could provide a starting point for the development of possible safe and reliable cotherapies for HIV-1-positive individuals, as well as for the identification of new small molecules as leading drug candidates for HIV-1 therapeutics and microbicides....(more)
Fink RC, et al. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009;19(6):243-55.
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- 16. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro.
A ionization technique in mass spectrometry called Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART TOF-MS) coupled with a Direct Binding Assay was used to identify and characterize anti-viral components of an elderberry fruit (Sambucus nigra L.) extract without either derivatization or separation by standard chromatographic techniques. The elderberry extract inhibited Human Influenza A (H1N1) infection in vitro with an IC(50) value of 252+/-34 microg/mL. The Direct Binding Assay established that flavonoids from the elderberry extract bind to H1N1 virions and, when bound, block the ability of the viruses to infect host cells. Two compounds were identified, 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chroman-3-yl-3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate (2), as H1N1-bound chemical species. Compound 1 and dihydromyricetin (3), the corresponding 3-hydroxyflavonone of 2, were synthesized and shown to inhibit H1N1 infection in vitro by binding to H1N1 virions, blocking host cell entry and/or recognition. Compound 1 gave an IC(50) of 0.13 microg/mL (0.36 microM) for H1N1 infection inhibition, while dihydromyricetin (3) achieved an IC(50) of 2.8 microg/mL (8.7 microM). The H1N1 inhibition activities of the elderberry flavonoids compare favorably to the known anti-influenza activities of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu; 0.32 microM) and Amantadine (27 microM)....(more)
Roschek B Jr, et al. Phytochemistry 2009 Jul;70(10):1255-61.
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- 17. Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers and liver and kidney function are not altered in postmenopausal women after ingesting an elderberry extract rich in anthocyanins for 12 weeks.
Growing evidence supports a cardio-protective role for anthocyanins; however, there is limited evidence on their efficacy and safety following the consumption of relatively high but dietarily achievable doses in humans. We conducted a parallel-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled study to examine the effect of chronic consumption of anthocyanins on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and liver and kidney function in 52 healthy postmenopausal women (n = 26 in treatment and placebo groups). Volunteers (BMI, 24.7 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2); age, 58.2 +/- 5.6 y) consumed 500 mg/d anthocyanins as cyanidin glycosides (from elderberry) or placebo for 12 wk (2 capsules twice/d). At the beginning (wk 0) and end of the 12-wk intervention, levels of anthocyanins and biomarkers of CVD (inflammatory biomarkers, platelet reactivity, lipids, and glucose) and liver and kidney function (total bilirubin, albumin, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutyl transferase) were assessed in fasted blood. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and pulse measurements were also taken. In addition, postprandial plasma anthocyanins were measured (t = 1, 2, 3 h) following a 500-mg oral bolus dose. After 12 wk of chronic exposure to anthocyanins, there was no significant change in biomarkers of CVD risk and liver and kidney function remained within clinically acceptable ranges. We observed no plasma accumulation of anthocyanins; however, postprandial metabolism increased (P = 0.02). In conclusion, these data suggest that chronic consumption of 500 mg/d of elderberry extract for 12 wk is apparently safe, but ineffective in altering biomarkers of CVD risk in healthy postmenopausal women....(more)
Curtis PJ, et al. J Nutr 2009 Dec;139(12):2266-71.
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- 18. Absorption and excretion of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) anthocyanins in healthy humans.
Pharmacokinetic variables of several dietary anthocyanins (potent natural antioxidants) following consumption of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract were evaluated in urine and plasma of six healthy volunteers. They were given a single oral dose of either 30 ml (278 mg total anthocyanins) or 200 ml (1852 mg total anthocyanins) of a commercially available elderberry extract. Within 7 h, the fraction of orally administered total anthocyanins (calculated as the sum of cyanidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-glucoside) excreted unchanged was 0.39% and 0.27% following ingestion of 30 and 200 ml, respectively. The elimination half-life of total anthocyanins was slightly lower following the consumption of 278 mg (1.85 h) than that after the consumption of 1852 mg (2.57 h). The renal clearance (median) of total anthocyanins was 196 and 169 ml/min, respectively. The peak and average systemic exposure to the major elderberry anthocyanidin glycosides in plasma as well as their renal excretion exhibited approximate dose-proportional characteristics within the administered range. The low dose-normalized area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the fraction of orally administered anthocyanins recovered unchanged in urine indicate a low bioavailability of these compounds....(more)
Frank T, et al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2007 Oct;29(8):525-33.
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- 19. Antifungal ellagitannin isolated from Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.
OBJECTIVE:
To study antifungal activity of a new ellagitannin isolated from the plant residues of Euphorbia antisyphilitica (E. antisyphilitica) Zucc in the wax extraction process.
METHODS:
An extract was prepared from dehydrated and pulverized residues and fractionated by liquid chromatography on Amberilte XAD-16, until obtained an ellagitannin-rich ethanolic fraction which was treated by rotaevaporation to recover the ellagitannin as fine powder. An aqueous solution was prepared and treated through ionic exchange liquid chromatography (Q XL) and gel permeation chromatography (G 25). The ellagitannin-rich fraction was thermogravimetrically evaluated (TGA and DTA) to test the thermo-stability of ellagic acid (monomeric unit). Then ellagitannin powder was analyzed by infrared spectrospcopy to determinate the functional groups and, also mass spectroscopy was used to determine the molecular ion.
RESULTS:
The principal functional groups of ellagitannin were determined, the molecular weight was 860.7 g/mol; and an effective antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi was demonstrated.
CONCLUSIONS:
It can be concluded that the new ellagitannin (860.7 g/mol) isolated from E. antisyphilitica Zucc is an effective antifungal agent against Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxyzporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizoctnia solani....(more)
Ascacio-Valdés J, et al. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013 Jan;3(1):41-6.
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- 20. A review on the anti-inflammatory activity of pomegranate in the gastrointestinal tract.
Several biological activities of pomegranate have been widely described in the literature, but the anti-inflammatory effect in the gastrointestinal tract has not been reviewed till now. The aim of the present paper is to summarize the evidence for or against the efficacy of pomegranate for coping with inflammatory conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The paper has been organized in three parts: (1) the first one is devoted to the modifications of pomegranate active compounds in the gastro-intestinal tract; (2) the second one considering the literature regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of pomegranate at gastric level; (3) the third part considers the anti-inflammatory effect of pomegranate in the gut. In vivo studies performed on the whole fruit or juice, peel, and flowers demonstrate antiulcer effect in a variety of animal models. Ellagic acid was the main responsible for this effect, although other individual ellagitannins could contribute to the biological activity of the mixture. Different preparations of pomegranate, including extracts from peels, flowers, seeds, and juice, show a significant anti-inflammatory activity in the gut. No clinical studies have been found, thus suggesting that future clinical studies are necessary to clarify the beneficial effects of pomegranate in the gastrointestinal tract....(more)
Colombo E, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:247145.
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- 21. Ellagic acid improves hepatic steatosis and serum lipid composition through reduction of serum resistin levels and transcriptional activation of hepatic ppara in obese, diabetic KK-A<sup>y</sup> mice.
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenol found in a wide variety of plant foods that not only exhibits free radical-scavenging activity, but also confers protective effects against liver injury. Previously, we reported that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) had an inhibitory effect on resistin secretion from differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and identified EA contained in PFE as a potent suppressor of resistin secretion. Resistin, an adipocytokine, is considered the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we explored whether EA supplementation reduces serum resistin and improves hepatic steatosis and serum lipid profile by using KK-A<sup>y</sup> mice fed high-fat diet as a model for obese type 2 diabetes. We found that EA supplementation improved serum lipid profile and hepatic steatosis, and reduced serum resistin levels without altering mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue. Moreover, EA supplementation upregulated mRNA expression of apoa1, ldlr, cpt1a, and ppara genes in the liver. In conclusion, our findings indicate that EA is a potent suppressor of resistin secretion in vivo and a transcriptional activator of ppara in the liver, suggesting a possibility for improving obesity-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in KK-A<sup>y</sup> mice....(more)
Yoshimura Y, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013 Apr 10.
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- 22. The Gut Microbiota Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolite Urolithin A and Its Sulfate Conjugate Are Substrates for the Drug Efflux Transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2/BCRP).
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is a drug efflux transporter that can affect the pharmacological and toxicological properties of many molecules. Urolithins, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota from ellagic acid (EA) and ellagitannins, have been acknowledged with in vivo anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive properties. This study evaluated whether urolithins (Uro-A, -B, -C, and -D) and their main phase II metabolites Uro-A sulfate, Uro-A glucuronide, and Uro-B glucuronide as well as their precursor EA were substrates for ABCG2/BCRP. Parental and Bcrp1-transduced MDCKII cells were used for active transport assays. Uro-A and, to a lesser extent, Uro-A sulfate showed a significant increase in apically directed translocation in Bcrp1-transduced cells. Bcrp1 did not show affinity for the rest of the tested compounds. Data were confirmed for murine, human, bovine, and ovine BCRP-transduced subclones as well as with the use of the selective BCRP inhibitor Ko143. The transport inhibition by Uro-A was analyzed by flow cytometry compared to Ko143 using the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone as a model substrate. Results showed that Uro-A was able to inhibit mitoxantrone transport in a dose-dependent manner. This study reports for the first time that Uro-A and its sulfate conjugate are ABCG2/BCRP substrates. The results suggest that physiologically relevant concentrations of these gut microbiota-derived metabolites could modulate ABCG2/BCRP-mediated transport processes and mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Further in vivo investigations are warranted....(more)
González-Sarrías A, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Apr 24.
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- 23. Chemical Composition of Two Different Extracts of Berries Harvested in Serbia.
Total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), free and total ellagic acid content, sugars, minerals, and radical-scavenging activity were determined in nine berries harvested in Serbia. More than 30 phenolic compounds were identified; among them, 11 polyphenols and cis,trans-abscisic acid were quantified using UHPLC coupled with an LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass analyzer. For the first time chrysin, naringenin, pinocembrin, and galangin were quantified in some of the investigated berry species. The extraction efficiency of the two extraction systems, methanol and acetone, was investigated. It was found that acetone is a better extracting solvent for TPC, whereas more TAC was extracted by methanol. TPC in acetone extracts ranged from 177.51 to 459.71 mg gallic acid equiv/100 g frozen weight. TAC ranged from 5.39 to 96.94 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g frozen weight in methanol extracts. The amounts of both free and total ellagic acid were found to be higher in the acetone extract in comparison to the methanol extract....(more)
Pavlovi? AV, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Apr 19.
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- 24. Ellagic acid attenuates bleomycin and cyclophosphamide-induced pulmonary toxicity in Wistar rats.
Use of bleomycin (BLM) and cyclophosphamide (CP) as chemotherapeutic drugs is associated with side effects including toxicity to respiratory system. Their co-administration may enhance lung toxicity which may subsequently progress to the lung fibrosis. Natural compounds have shown mitigating effects against toxicity of anticancer drugs. Ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenolic compound present in many fruits and nuts in addition to walnut has shown promising protective effect against toxicity of drugs and chemicals. We studied the ameliorative effect of EA on lung toxicity in rats exposed to CP (150mg/kgb.w., i.p.) and BLM (10U/kgb.w., i.t.). EA (15mg/kgb.w., p.o.×14days) treatment modulated enhanced hydroxyproline level, lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide production and protein carbonyl formation in lungs of rats exposed to toxic anticancer drugs. There was a marked decrease in GSH content and activities of antioxidant enzymes as a result of BLM and CP treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed increased level of cytotoxicity markers in drug treated animals. Treatment with EA attenuated these changes. Histopathological findings also showed protective effects of EA. In conclusion, EA emerged as a natural protectant with an ability to protect lungs from onslaught of pulmonary toxicity of anticancer drugs....(more)
Saba, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 Apr 17.
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- 25. Involvement of the GABAergic system in the anxiolytic-like effect of the flavonoid ellagic acid in mice.
Anxiolytic-like effects of dietary flavonoids are relatively well known. Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound which is abundant in many plants and fruits. The present study was designed to investigate the antianxiety-like effect of ellagic acid in mice using an elevated plus-maze test. The involvement of the GABAergic and serotonergic systems in the antianxiety-like activity of ellagic acid was also studied. Our results showed that ellagic acid treatment (25, 50 and 100mg/kg, p.o.), produced a significant increase in the percentage of time spent and entry into the open arms, with a profile comparable to that of diazepam (1mg/kg, p.o.). Unlike diazepam, the anxiolytic doses of ellagic acid did not prolong the duration of sodium thiopental-induced loss of righting reflex, indicating that this flavonoid is non-hypnotic. The anxiolytic effect observed with ellagic acid treatment (25mg/kg, p.o.) was antagonized by pretreatment with picrotoxin (a non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.) and flumazenil (a benzodiazepine site antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.) but not with p-chlorophenylalanine (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, 100mg/kg, i.p.) and pindolol (a β-adrenoceptors blocker/5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonist, 10mg/kg, i.p.). Taken together, the data demonstrated that acute and chronic administration of ellagic acid to mice has produced antianxiety-like effect when tested in the elevated plus-maze. The experiments with different receptor blockers suggest an involvement of GABAergic system in the anxiolytic action of this bioflavonoid. However, this action is not seems to be mediated through serotonergic system....(more)
Girish C, et al. Eur J Pharmacol 2013 Apr 17.
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- 26. Ellagic acid protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: a dose-dependent study.
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- 27. Investigation into biologically active constituents of Geum rivale L.
Aerial and underground parts of Geum rivale (Rosaceae) were investigated. Tiliroside, gallic acid, ellagic acid and a sterol fraction were isolated from aerial parts of the plant. The sterol fraction was analyzed using GC-MS. Eleven phenolic acids were identified in aerial parts of the plant, and eight in underground parts, by means of RP-HPLC analysis. The quantitative determination of phenolic acids, tannins and flavonoids was also carried out....(more)
Owczarek A, et al. Acta Pol Pharm 2013 Jan-Feb;70(1):111-4.
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- 28. Bioactive Polyphenols from Muscadine Grape and Blackcurrant Stably Concentrated onto Protein-rich Matrices for Topical Applications.
Botanical agents that are antimicrobial, or that modulate skin hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase inhibition, are increasingly sought in the cosmetic industry. In this study, an efficient tactic is demonstrated for concentrating and stabilizing skin-beneficial bioactive compounds from muscadine grape and blackcurrant juice and pomace sources into hemp flour (HF), hemp protein isolate (HPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) matrices suitable for topical applications. Anthocyanins were most efficiently captured from blackcurrant juice into HF (8.39 mg/g). HPI most effectively captured total phenolics from muscadine pomace (72.32 and 77.32 mg/g from Nobel and Carlos, respectively), while the three matrices incorporated highest levels of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and PAC B1from Noble muscadine grape juice. The enriched carrier matrices demonstrated effective in vitro inhibition of tyrosinase (up to 57.29% for blackcurrant juice-HPI matrix), and in general, juice sources provided greater inhibition on L-dopamine oxidation by tyrosinase than pomace sources. The polyphenol-enriched matrices effectively inhibited microbial proliferation in a screening assay against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, whereas untreated HF, HPI or SPI did not inhibit bacterial growth. The technology of combining and stably concentrating phytoactive polyphenols with proteins has potential use for cosmetic and other topical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved....(more)
Plundrich N, et al. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013 Apr 24.
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- 29. [Synthesis of emodin derivatives and their inhibiting effects on proliferation of leukemia cell lines].
The aim of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of newly synthesised emodin derivatives on the prolifaration of leukemia cell lines and to select the most effective one from these emodin derivatives for further resaerch. Emodin derivatives were synthesized by modifying the structure of emodin. MTT method was used to detect the proliferative inhibition in leukemia cell lines treated with emodin derivatives. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) for K562 cells treated with emodin derivatives E10-19 for 48 h was 0.84 - 12.01 µmol/L. E19 displayed the best anti-proliferative activity, while E16 and E17 did not show effects on K562 cells. Emodin derivative E19 was chosen for treating U937, NB4, Molt-4 and CA-46 cells, their IC50 for 48 h were 0.85, 0.9, 0.76, 0.8 µmol/L respectively. The IC50 of E19 for LQ2 cells was 3.60 µmol/L, and the IC50 range of E19 for normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 48 h was 4.01 - 4.78 µmol/L. It is concluded that emodin derivative E19 can strongly inhibit the growth of leukemia cells and its inhibiting effect on proliferation of leukemia cells has a certain specificity. The specific mechanism of E19 anti-leukemia effect should be further studied....(more)
Zheng JT, et al. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2013 Jan;21(1):53-6.
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- 30. Pre-column incubation followed by fast liquid chromatography analysis for rapid screening of natural methylglyoxal scavengers directly from herbal medicines: case study of Polygonum cuspidatum.
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a very reactive metabolite of glucose, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases associated with diabetes, and it has been validated as an attractive target for them. In the present study, a simple and effective method, namely pre-column incubation followed by fast high performance liquid chromatography based on superficially porous particles (shell), coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS(n)), was proposed for rapid and high-throughput screening of natural MGO scavengers directly from the crude extract of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which was used for treatment of diabetic complications. The hypothesis is that upon reaction with MGO, the peak areas of components with MGO scavenging potency in the chromatogram will be significantly reduced or disappear, and the structural characterization could be achieved by UHPLC-DAD-MS(n) hyphenated technique. First of all, 12 compounds in P. cuspidatum were well separated within shorter time (~12 min) than previous methods and identified, and two of them, i.e. 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-(6″-galloyl)-glucoside (3) and emodin-8-O-(6'-malonyl)-glucoside (8) were firstly reported ingredients. After incubation with MGO, four stilbene derivatives were demonstrated to possess potential MGO trapping activities. Furthermore, it was proved that both polydatin (piceid) and resveratrol exhibited effective MGO-trapping capacity by UHPLC analysis, and they could significantly inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the human serum albumin (HSA)-MGO assay, indicating that they were potential candidate agents for delaying and preventing diabetic complications. Additionally, MGO trapping mechanism exploration by UHPLC-MS(n) showed that the positions 2 and 4 of the A ring of stilbene were major active sites for trapping MGO to form both mono- and di-MGO adducts, however, the glucosylation of the hydroxyl group would significantly decrease the trapping efficiency. Collectively, the current work provides a very promising method for rapid discovery of natural MGO scavengers directly from complex matrices such as herbal medicines with huge resources....(more)
Tang D, et al. J Chromatogr A 2013 Apr 19;1286:102-10.
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- 31. Profiling of secondary metabolites in tissues from Rheum palmatum L. using laser microdissection and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Evaluating the quality of herbal medicines by morphological features is a convenient, quick, and practical method compared with other methods that mostly depend on modern instruments. Here, laser microdissection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography are combined with mass spectrometry to map the distribution of secondary metabolites in cells or tissues of a herb itself for correlating its bioactive components and morphological features. The root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. were taken as research target, which is the Chinese medicine, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. According to fluorescent microscopic characteristics, 12 herbal cells or tissues of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei were separated by laser microdissection. Thirty-eight compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in the microdissected tissues. (+)-Catechin, 1-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-β-D-glucose, and emodin were found to be the major components in most of the tissues. The brown ergastic substances found in rays of normal and anomalous vascular bundles as well as the parenchymatous cells of rhizome pith and the parenchymatous cells of root xylem contained higher than average amounts of these three components and more kinds of secondary metabolites. Overall, results suggest that Radix et Rhizoma Rhei of larger size and with conspicuous "brocaded patterns" and star spots are of higher quality as they tend to have greater contents of bioactive components. The study provides quantitative and specific criteria by which the quality of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei can be judged. This research also established a new, reliable, and practical method for direct profiling and imaging of secondary metabolites in any herbal tissue....(more)
Liang Z, et al. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013 May;405(12):4199-212.
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- 32. Calmodulin inhibitors from Aspergillus stromatoides.
An organic extract was prepared from the culture medium and mycelia of the marine fungus Aspergillus stromatoides RAPER & FENNELL. The extract was fractionated via column chromatography, and the resulting fractions were tested for their abilities to quench the fluorescence of the calmodulin (CaM) biosensor hCaM M124C-mBBr. From the active fraction, emodin (1) and ω-hydroxyemodin (2) were isolated as CaM inhibitors. Anthraquinones 1 and 2 quenched the fluorescence of the hCaM M124C-mBBr biosensor in a concentration-dependent manner with K(d) values of 0.33 and 0.76 μM, respectively. The results were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a classical inhibitor of CaM, with a K(d) value of 1.25 μM. Docking analysis revealed that 1 and 2 bind to the same pocket of CPZ. The CaM inhibitor properties of 1 and 2 were correlated with some of their reported biological properties. Citrinin (3), methyl 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4), and coniochaetone A (5) were also isolated in the present study. The X-ray structure of 5 is reported for the first time....(more)
González-Andrade M, et al. Chem Biodivers 2013 Mar;10(3):328-37.
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- 33. The role of protein kinase CK2 in cyclosporine-induced nephropathy in rats.
OBJECTIVES:
Protein kinase casein kinase II (PKCK2) has multiple, overlapping roles in induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis can be a common pathway of renal injury caused by a nephrotoxic drug or an injury. We evaluated the role of PKCK2 in cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephropathy in rats by inhibiting PKCK2 with emodin.
METHODS:
Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a low-sodium diet were divided into four treatment groups: control (0.9% saline injection), CsA (15 mg/kg/d subcutaneously), CsA + emodin (CsA plus emodin 20 mg/kg/d subcutaneously), and emodin only. The expression levels of apoptosis-associated factors and of PKCK2 were examined by Western blot analysis.
RESULTS:
Overexpression of PKCK2 noted with CsA treatment was prevented by emodin, a low-molecular-weight PKCK2 inhibitor, which dampend drug-induced up-regulation phosphorylated p53 and activation of caspases 3, 7, and 8. In addition, emodin prevented increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio induced by CsA. Emodin prevented up-regulation of PKCK2 by CsA treatment, suggesting that its apoptotic-preventing activity was mediated via PKCK2.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings indicated that PKCK2 may play a role in apoptotic injury associated with CsA-induced nephropathy in rats.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Son YK, et al. Transplant Proc 2013 Mar;45(2):756-62.
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- 34. Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways.
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative from the Chinese herb Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. It has been reported that emodin possesses a number of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-tumor, and immunosuppressive properties. However, the effect of emodin on mastitis is not yet known. The aim of this study was to investigate whether emodin has protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis in a mouse model. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of mammary gland. Emodin was administered intraperitoneally with the dose of 1, 2, and 4mg/kg respectively 1h before and 12h after induction of LPS. Emodin significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophilic granulocyte, activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO), concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, which were increased in LPS-induced mouse mastitis. In addition, emodin influenced nuclear factor kappa-B signal transduction pathway by inhibiting activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and degradation inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα), and emodin also influenced mitogen activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway by depression activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). In conclusion, these results indicated that emodin could exert beneficial effects on experimental mastitis induced by LPS and may represent a novel treatment strategy for mastitis....(more)
Li D, et al. Eur J Pharmacol 2013 Apr 5;705(1-3):79-85.
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- 35. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Analysis of Anthraquinones Based on Ultrasound Emulsification Ionic Liquid Microextraction.
An ultrasensitive method of ultrasound emulsification ionic liquid microextraction (UEILME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed and introduced for the preconcentration and analysis of anthraquinone additives in cosmetic samples and five anthraquinone compounds (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in traditional Chinese medicines. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, such as the type and amount of extraction solvent, sample pH, ultrasound time and temperature, centrifugation speed and time and ionic strength. The most favorable results were obtained using 60 mg of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as extraction solvent. The anthraquinones were extracted from the aqueous solution (pH 2.0) by ultrasound at 40°C for 7 min and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 6 min. Under optimal conditions, acceptable linearity of the five anthraquinone compounds was obtained with correlation coefficients > 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 µg/L and 0.05 to 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 3) were less than 9.8%. Moreover, the enrichment factors ranged from 80 to 197-fold. Compared with conventional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the UEILME technique exhibited lower LODs and LOQs. The results demonstrated that the UEILME coupled with HPLC is a simple, environmentally friendly, sensitive and efficient method for the extraction, concentration and analysis of anthraquinone compounds....(more)
Yan Y, et al. J Chromatogr Sci 2013 Mar 15.
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