- 1. An electrochemical glutathione biosensor: Ubiquinone as a transducer.
In this paper, coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone, CoQ10) was used for the first time as a transducer to construct electrochemical biosensor for effectively detecting γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione, GSH). CoQ10 modified electrode was fabricated by attaching its gel mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/ionic liquid (IL). In the optimum conditions, based on the increasing of reduction peak current of CoQ10 caused by GSH through voltammetric technology, it was found that the peak current of CoQ10 was linear with the concentration of GSH in the range from 4.0×10(-9) to 2.0×10(-7)molL(-1) at the pH 7.00, and the limit of detection was 3.2×10(-10)molL(-1) (S/N=3). The results revealed that this method could be used to determine GSH in actual blood samples with the superiority of excellent selectivity, high stability and sensitivity. The strategy explored here might provide a new pathway to design novel multi-function transducers for detecting GSH, which has unique characteristic and potential application in the fields of sensor and medical diagnosis....(more)
Ru J, et al. Talanta 2013 Jun 15;110:15-20.
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- 2. Critical illness is associated with decreased plasma levels of coenzyme Q10: A cross-sectional study.
PURPOSE:
Plasma coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels are lower in patients with septic shock (SS) than in healthy controls (HCs). However, CoQ10 status in critically ill patients without SS is unknown. Here, we investigated CoQ10 concentrations in patients with SS and without SS as compared with HCs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We enrolled 36 critically ill patients and 18 HCs. Plasma CoQ10 concentrations were measured, and patients' clinical and demographical data were collected.
RESULTS:
Plasma CoQ10 concentrations were lower in critically ill patients (0.50 ± 0.36 μg/mL, P < .001), both in patients with SS (0.37 ± 0.25 μg/mL, P = .002) and patients without SS (0.56 ± 0.39, P = .04), as compared with HCs (0.79 ± 0.19). Coenzyme Q10 levels did not differ between patients with SS and patients without SS (P = .13). In critically ill patients, CoQ10 levels inversely correlated with age (r = -0.40, P = .015) and did not correlate with partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Systemic Organ Failure Assessment score, or mortality. Lower CoQ10 levels were associated with lower activities of daily living score after discharge (P = .005), independent of age.
CONCLUSIONS:
Decreased plasma CoQ10 levels are not specific to patients with SS, but rather observed in a broad range of critically ill patients. In critically ill patients, CoQ10 insufficiency may be associated with various conditions; age may be a risk factor.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Coppadoro A, et al. J Crit Care 2013 Apr 22.
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- 3. Formulation and characterization of nanostructured lipid carrier of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10).
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) developed from mixtures of solid lipid and spatially incompatible liquid lipid by solvent diffusion method. This new type of lipid nanoparticles offers the advantage of improved drug loading capacity and release properties. In this study, Glyceryl distearate and Glyceryl behenate were chosen as solid lipid and Glyceryl triacetate used as liquid lipid. Ubidecarenone used as model drug was incorporated into the NLC. The influences of different type of solid lipid and liquid lipid concentration on physiochemical properties of the NLC were characterized. As a result, the drug encapsulation efficiencies were improved by adding the liquid lipid into the solid lipid of nanoparticles. NLC had higher encapsulation efficiency and drug release. In addition, in vivo study showed that the antioxidant activity of the Ubidecarenone (Co. Q10 NLC) was more effective than the Ubidecarenone (Coenzyme Q10) solution form on DPPH scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation, lowers the effect of amnesia induced by scopolamine and increased bioavailability observed in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. These results indicated that nanostructured lipid formulation of Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10) has more antioxidant activity than that of solution form and it can be used to reduce the oxidative stress and to increase the antioxidant enzyme activity in many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease etc....(more)
Nanjwade BK, et al. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2013 Mar;9(3):450-60.
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- 4. Mean platelet volume as a potential predictor of proteinuria and amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever.
This study aims to compare the mean platelet volume (MPV) levels in children and adults diagnosed with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) during attack-free periods in order to find out whether it reflects the emergence of microalbuminuria/proteinuria and the development of amyloidosis or not. The study consisted of 63 pediatric patients (group 1), 50 adult patients (group 2), 50 healthy children (group 3), and 43 healthy adults (group 4). Demographic data, age at diagnosis, duration of the disease and colchicine treatment, and FMF gene mutations were recorded, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, MPV, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, albumin, and urine microalbumin and protein levels were evaluated. According to the presence of microalbuminuria/proteinuria, patient groups were subgrouped into two by themselves as pediatric and adult groups with and without proteinuria. The most frequent mutation was M694V. MPV was significantly higher in FMF patients than those in the healthy control groups. Microalbuminuria/proteinuria were detected in 18 (28.57 %) of 63 pediatric patients and 26 (52 %) of 50 adult patients. Amyloidosis has been identified in 3 (16.6 %) of 18 pediatric patients and 18 (69.23 %) of 26 adult patients with proteinuria. Subgroup comparisons revealed that MPV levels were significantly higher in patients with proteinuria than patients without proteinuria in both pediatric and adult groups. Moreover, MPV levels were also significantly higher in adult patients with or without proteinuria than in pediatric patients with or without proteinuria. There were significant differences in terms of serum albumin levels between the groups with and without proteinuria as expected. The increase in MPV over the years of the disease, especially in groups with proteinuria, may be an important predictor of continuing increase of subclinical inflammation, the emergence of the microalbuminuria/proteinuria, and the developing of amyloidosis, but further studies are needed in order to support this proposal....(more)
Sakall? H, et al. Clin Rheumatol 2013 Apr 17.
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- 5. 5-Chloroindole: a potent allosteric modulator of the 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
The 5-HT3 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that is modulated allosterically by various compounds including colchicine, alcohols and volatile anaesthetics. However the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) identified to date have low affinity, which hinders investigation due to non-selective effects at pharmacologically active concentrations. The present study identifies 5-chloroindole (Cl-indole) as a potent PAM of the 5-HT3 receptor.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:
5-HT3 receptor function was assessed by the increase in intracellular calcium and single cell electrophysiological recordings in HEK293 cells stably expressing the h5-HT3 A receptor and also the mouse native 5-HT3 receptor that increases neuronal contraction of bladder smooth muscle.
KEY RESULTS:
Cl-indole (1-100 μM) potentiated agonist (5-HT) and particularly partial agonist ((S)-zacopride, DDP733, RR210, quipazine, dopamine, 2-methyl-5-HT, SR57227A, mCPBG)) induced h5-HT3 A receptor mediated responses. This effect of Cl-indole was also apparent at the mouse native 5-HT3 receptor. Radioligand binding studies identified that Cl-indole induced a small (∼2-fold) increase in the apparent affinity of 5-HT for the h5-HT3 A receptor, whereas there was no effect upon the affinity of the antagonist, tropisetron. Cl-indole was able to re-activate desensitised 5-HT3 receptors. In contrast to its effect on the 5-HT3 receptor, Cl-indole did not alter human nicotinic α7 receptor responses.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:
The present study identifies Cl-indole as a relatively potent and selective PAM of the 5-HT3 receptor; such compounds will aid investigation of the molecular basis for allosteric modulation of the 5-HT3 receptor and may assist the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs targeting this receptor.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved....(more)
Newman AS, et al. Br J Pharmacol 2013 Apr 17.
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- 6. Do viruses require the cytoskeleton?
BACKGROUND:
It is generally thought that viruses require the cytoskeleton during their replication cycle. However, recent experiments in our laboratory with rubella virus, a member of the family Togaviridae (genus rubivirus), revealed that replication proceeded in the presence of drugs that inhibit microtubules. This study was done to expand on this observation.
FINDINGS:
The replication of three diverse viruses, Sindbis virus (SINV; family Togaviridae family), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV; family Rhabdoviridae), and Herpes simplex virus (family Herpesviridae), was quantified by the titer (plaque forming units/ml; pfu/ml) produced in cells treated with one of three anti-microtubule drugs (colchicine, noscapine, or paclitaxel) or the anti-actin filament drug, cytochalasin D. None of these drugs affected the replication these viruses. Specific steps in the SINV infection cycle were examined during drug treatment to determine if alterations in specific steps in the virus replication cycle in the absence of a functional cytoskeletal system could be detected, i.e. redistribution of viral proteins and replication complexes or increases/decreases in their abundance. These investigations revealed that the observable impacts were a colchicine-mediated fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and concomitant intracellular redistribution of the virion structural proteins, along with a reduction in viral genome and sub-genome RNA levels, but not double-stranded RNA or protein levels.
CONCLUSIONS:
The failure of poisons affecting the cytoskeleton to inhibit the replication of a diverse set of viruses strongly suggests that viruses do not require a functional cytoskeletal system for replication, either because they do not utilize it or are able to utilize alternate pathways when it is not available....(more)
Matthews JD, et al. Virol J 2013 Apr 18;10(1):121.
Related Products: Colchicine
- 7. The colchicine derivative CT20126 shows a novel microtubule-modulating activity with apoptosis.
New colchicine analogs have been synthesized with the aim of developing stronger potential anticancer activities. Among the analogs, CT20126 has been previously reported to show immunosuppressive activities. Here, we report that CT20126 also shows potential anticancer effects via an unusual mechanism: the modulation of microtubule integrity and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase before apoptosis. When we treated COS-7 cells with CT20126 (5 μM), the normal thread-like microtubules were disrupted into tubulin dimers within 10 min and thereafter repolymerized into short, thick filaments. In contrast, cells treated with the same concentration of colchicine exhibited microtubule depolymerization after 20 min and never underwent repolymerization. Furthermore, optical density (OD) analysis (350 nm) with purified tubulin showed that CT20126 had a higher repolymerizing activity than that of Taxol, a potent microtubule-polymerizing agent. These results suggest that the effects of CT20126 on microtubule integrity differ from those of colchicine: the analog first destabilizes microtubules and then stabilizes the disrupted tubulins into short, thick polymers. Furthermore, CT20126 induced a greater level of apoptotic activity in Jurkat T cells than colchicine (assessed by G2/M arrest, caspase-3 activation and cell sorting). At 20 nM, CT20126 induced 47% apoptosis among Jurkat T cells, whereas colchicine induced only 33% apoptosis. Our results suggest that the colchicine analog CT20126 can potently induce apoptosis by disrupting microtubule integrity in a manner that differs from that of colchicine or Taxol....(more)
Kim SK, et al. Exp Mol Med 2013 Apr 19;45:e19.
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- 8. The discovery of colchicine-SAHA hybrids as a new class of antitumor agents.
A novel class of colchicine-SAHA hybrids were designed and synthesised based on the synergistic antitumor effect of tubulin inhibitors and histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first design of molecules that are dual inhibitors of tubulin and HDAC. Biological evaluations of these compounds included the inhibitory activity of HDAC, in vitro cell cycle analysis in BEL-7402 cells as well as cytotoxicity in five cancer cell lines....(more)
Zhang X, et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2013 Mar 31.
Related Products: Colchicine
- 9. A new approach for early onset cardiogenic shock in acute colchicine overdose: place of early extracorporeal life support (ECLS)?
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- 10. Characterization of Statin-Associated Myopathy Case Reports in Thailand Using the Health Product Vigilance Center Database.
BACKGROUND:
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [statins], a widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering therapy, are associated with muscle-related adverse events. While characteristics of such events are well documented in Western countries, little data exists for the Thai population.
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients, type and dosing of statin, and to identify patterns of drug use that may be associated with such adverse events using the national pharmacovigilance database known as Thai Vigibase.
METHOD:
Muscle-related adverse events involving statins in the Thai Vigibase from 1996 to December 2009 were identified. For each report, the following information was extracted: patient demographics, co-morbidities, detailed information of adverse event, detailed information of suspected drug, treatment and outcome, as well as causality assessment and quality of reports. Descriptive statistics were performed for all study variables.
RESULTS:
A total of 198 cases of statin-associated muscle-related adverse events were identified. Mean age was 61.4 ± 12.4 years of age and 59.6 % were female. Simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and cerivastatin were implicated as the suspected drug in 163 (82.3 %), 24 (12.1 %), 10 (5.1 %) and 1 (0.5 %) cases, respectively. Rhabdomyolysis accounted for 55.6 % of all muscle-related adverse events. Drug interactions known to enhance such toxicity of statins were identified in 40.9 % of the total set of reports. Similar to studies from Western countries, fibrates, HIV protease inhibitors, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, azole antifungals and macrolides were commonly found in such cases. Interestingly, colchicine has been identified as the second most common drug interaction in our database. Case fatality rates were 0.9, 1.6 and 16.7 %, when there were 0, 1 and ≥2 interacting drugs, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
Characteristics of muscle-related adverse events with statins in the Thai population showed some similarities and differences compared with Western countries. Such similarities included advanced age, female sex, certain co-morbidities and drug interactions. While the majority of interacting drugs are well known, a big proportion of cases of statin-colchicine interaction attributed to long-term use of colchicine in Thailand was noted and should be further investigated. Based on these results, an attempt to avoid dangerous and well-known drug interactions among statin users should be implemented nationwide....(more)
Boonmuang P, et al. Drug Saf 2013 Apr 25.
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- 11. A novel recessive 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase mutation in a family with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.
We present two PHO siblings having a novel homozygous truncating mutation in HPGD. The purpose of the study was to attempt medical treatment, and to find the HPGD mutation causing the disease, in a 22-year old Turkish male and his 23-year old sister afflicted with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO). In combination with NSAIDs and colchicine, treatment with sulfasalazine was started in both cases, and methotrexate was added to the treatment regimen of the female patient at the end of the first year. The patients were found to be typical PHO. Ultrasonographic examination of the joints revealed synovitis and inflammation by B mode and power Doppler ultrasonography. Joint symptoms responded to sulfasalazine treatment in both patients. However, after the addition of methotrexate, the female patient had better remission. All exons of HPGD, the known disease gene, were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. A homozygous 2-bp deletion (c.310_311delCT or p.L104AfsX3) was identified. Seven relatives carrying the mutation in the heterozygous state were examined and none was found affected. Although not specific for this disease, skin, soft tissue and joint ultrasonography can be helpful for evaluation of the musculoskeletal findings in the patients....(more)
Erken E, et al. Mod Rheumatol 2013 Apr 25.
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- 12. MPT0B098: A Novel Microtubule Inhibitor that Destabilizes the HIF-1α mRNA through Decreasing Nuclear-cytoplasmic Translocation of RNA Binding Protein, HuR.
Microtubule inhibitors have been demonstrated to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α expression through inhibition translation or enhancing protein degradation. Little is known of the effect of microtubule inhibitors on the stability of HIF-1α mRNA. We recently discovered a novel indoline-sulfonamide compound, 7-aryl-indoline-1-benzene-sulfonamide (MPT0B098), as a potent microtubule inhibitor through binding to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. MPT0B098 is active against the growth of various human cancer cells including chemoresistant cells with IC50 values ranging from 70 to 150 nM. However, normal cells, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), exhibit less susceptibility to the inhibitory effect of MPT0B098 with IC50 510 nM. As similar with typical microtubule inhibitors, MPT0B098 arrests cells in the G2/M phase and subsequently induces cell apoptosis. In addition, MPT0B098 effectively suppresses VEGF-induced cell migration and capillary-like tube formation of HUVECs. Distinguished from other microtubule inhibitors, MPT0B098 not only inhibited the expression levels of HIF-1αprotein, but also destabilizes HIF-1α mRNA. Mechanism of causing unstable of HIF-1α mRNA by MPT0B098 is through decreasing RNA binding protein, HuR, translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Notably, MPT0B098 effectively suppresses tumor growth and microvessel density of tumor specimens in vivo. Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanism of inhibiting HIF-1α of a microtubule inhibitor MPT0B098. MPT0B098 is a promising anticancer drug candidate with potential for the treatment of human malignancies....(more)
Cheng YC, et al. Mol Cancer Ther 2013 Apr 25.
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- 13. Stress and death of cnidarian host cells play a role in cnidarian bleaching.
Coral bleaching occurs when there is a breakdown of the symbiosis between cnidarian hosts and resident Symbiodinium spp. Multiple mechanisms for the bleaching process have been identified including apoptosis and autophagy, and most previous work has focused on the Symbiodinium cell as the initiator of the bleaching cascade. In this work we show that it is possible for host cells to initiate apoptosis that can contribute to death of the Symbiodinium cell. First we found that colchicine, which results in apoptosis in other animals, causes cell death in the model anemone Aiptasia sp. but not in cultured Symbiodinium CCMP-830 cells or in cells freshly isolated from host Aiptasia (at least within the time-frame of our study). In contrast, when symbiotic Aiptasia was incubated in colchicine, cell death in the resident Symbiodinium cells was observed, suggesting a host effect on symbiont mortality. Using live-cell confocal imaging of macerated symbiotic host cell isolates, we identified a pattern where the initiation of host cell death was followed by mortality of the resident Symbiodinium cells. This same pattern was observed in symbiotic host cells that were subjected to temperature stress. This research suggests that mortality of symbionts during temperature-induced bleaching can be initiated in part by host cell apoptosis....(more)
Paxton CW, et al. J Exp Biol 2013 Apr 25.
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- 14. Influence of dietary macronutrients on induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by Coleus forskohlii extract in mice.
From studies in mice, we have reported that Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE), a popular herbal weight-loss ingredient, markedly induced hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 (CYP), and interacted with co-administered drugs. This study was designed to examine how the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by CFE was influenced by different levels of macronutrients in the diet. Mice were fed a non-purified diet or semi-purified diet with and without CFE (0.3-0.5%) for 14-18 d, and changes in the ratio of liver weight to body weight, an indicator of hepatic CYP induction, and hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes were analyzed. The ratio of liver weight to body weight, content and activities of CYPs, and activity of glutathione S-transferase were higher in a semi-purified standard diet (AIN93G formula) group than in high sucrose (62.9%) and high fat (29.9%) diet groups. Different levels of protein (7%, 20%, and 33%) in the diets did not influence CFE-induced CYP induction or increase the ratio of liver weight to body weight. The effect of CFE on the ratio of liver weight to body weight was higher with a semi-purified diet than with a non-purified diet, and was similar between dietary administration and intragastric gavage when the CFE dose and the diet were the same. There was a positive correlation between CFE-induced CYP induction and the content of starch in the diets, suggesting that dietary starch potentiates CFE-induced CYP induction in mice. The mechanism of enhanced CYP induction remains unclear....(more)
Yokotani K, et al. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013;59(1):37-44.
Related Products: Coleus Forskolin Extracts
- 15. Protective Effect of Coleus aromaticus Benth (Lamiaceae) against Naphthalene-induced Hepatotoxicit.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate protective effect of Coleus aromaticus leaf extract against naphthalene induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
METHODS:
Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups. Group I rats were treated as control. Group II rats were intraperitoneally administered with naphthalene (435 mg/kg b.wt) dissolved in corn oil once a day for a period of 30 days. Group III rats were treated with leaf extract (100 mg/kg b.wt) dissolved in 0.9% saline and naphthalene (435 mg/kg b.wt) dissolved in corn oil once a day for a period of 30 days.
RESULTS:
Significant protective effect was observed against naphthalene induced liver damage, which appeared evident from the response levels of marker enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase). The biochemical components viz. triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol acyl transferase, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol and bilirubin were found to be increased in liver and serum of naphthalene stressed rats when compared to control.
CONCLUSION:
Treatment of naphthalene intoxicated rats with plant extract reversed these distorted parameters to near normal levels. Liver histology showed supportive evidence regarding the protective nature of plant extract against fatty changes induced by naphthalene. The present study provides a scientific rationale for using C. aromaticus in the management of liver disorders.
Copyright © 2013 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved....(more)
Vijayavel K, et al. Biomed Environ Sci 2013 Apr;26(4):295-302.
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- 16. Gallstone ileus and fatal gallstone coleus: the importance of the second stone.
A patient was admitted as an emergency with bowel obstruction. Recent medical history included an episode of gallstone ileus treated surgically by removal of an enteric calculus. On this admission, an obstructing calculus was removed from the descending colon (gallstone coleus) at laparotomy. However, the postoperative course was complicated by sepsis and the patient died. A CT scan on the second admission and cytology results from a liver abscess suggested gallbladder malignancy as the underlying cause of the cholecystoenteric fistula. The technical challenge and increased mortality associated with cholecystoenteric fistula repair supports simple enterolithotomy as the preferred management of gallstone ileus. However, this case supports the need for a systematic search for all enteric stones at laparotomy and consideration of concurrent or interval cholecystectomy and cholecystoenteric fistula repair to prevent recurrent gallstone ileus and determine underlying pathology....(more)
Vaughan-Shaw PG, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2013 Mar 15;2013.
Related Products: Coleus Forskolin Extracts
- 17. Genetic elicitation by inducible expression of β-cryptogein stimulates secretion of phenolics from Coleus blumei hairy roots.
The accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants is often part of the defense response against stress and pathogen attack, which can be triggered and activated by elicitors. Oomycetal proteinaceous elicitor, β-cryptogein, induces hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance against some pathogens. In order to test the effect of endogenously synthesized cryptogein protein on phenolic compounds accumulation in tissue, and secretion into the culture medium, Coleus blumei hairy roots were generated. Agrobacterium rhizogenes was employed to insert synthetic crypt gene, encoding β-cryptogein, under the control of alcohol-inducible promoter. The expression of β-cryptogein, in C. blumei hairy roots, was controlled by application of 1% and 2% ethanol, during 21 days induction period. Ethanol-induced expression of β-cryptogein caused significant decrease of soluble phenolics and rosmarinic acid (RA) in hairy root lines and increase of phenolics, RA and caffeic acid in culture medium. These data suggest that β-cryptogein might be a potential regulatory factor for phenolics secretion from the roots.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Vukovi? R, et al. Plant Sci 2013 Feb;199-200:18-28.
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- 18. Rapid detection and identification of viroids in the genus Coleviroid using a universal probe.
A simple, low-cost hybridization assay using a universal DIG-labeled riboprobe for the rapid detection and identification of coleus viroids is presented. An octamer of 32-nucleotide sequence derived from the central conserved region (CCR) of viroids in the genus Coleviroid was used to develop a universal cRNA probe (8-central-conserved-region probe, 8CCR probe) for coleus viroids. Dot-blot hybridization assays demonstrated that the sensitivity of this probe was similar to specific probes for each CbVd, and Northern hybridization results revealed that at least four coleus viroids could be distinguished readily and simultaneously using the 8CCR probe. Batch detection assay showed that hybridization using the 8CCR probe can identify coleus viroids rapidly and effectively. This rapid and low-cost molecular hybridization technique is an effective way to survey the occurrence of coleus viroids, and has reference for the detection of other viroids and possibly viruses.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Jiang D, et al. J Virol Methods 2013 Feb;187(2):321-6.
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- 19. Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for chromatographic analysis of labdane diterpenoids in coleus forskohlii.
INTRODUCTION:
The quality of Coleus forskohlii is often evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using bioactive labdane diterpenoids as chemical markers. However, the existing sample preparation methods for the analysis of diterpenoids in C. forskohlii are generally labour-intensive, time-consuming and require large volumes of solvents.
OBJECTIVE:
To establish an efficient matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction method for the simultaneous analysis of five bioactive diterpenoids in C. forskohlii by HPLC.
METHODOLOGY:
Herbal samples were prepared by an optimised MSPD procedure using C(18) as the sorbent. The quantification of the diterpenoids was achieved by HPLC with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), and the identification of the five compounds was performed by HPLC with tandem mass detector (MS/MS). The efficiency of the MSPD method was also compared with other extraction techniques including Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction.
RESULTS:
The MSPD extracted five diterpenoids with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 98.36% to 102.08%. Compared with other extraction methods, the proposed MSPD method had the advantages of combining extraction and clean-up into a single step, consuming less time and requiring lower solvent volumes.
CONCLUSION:
The MSPD method is simple, rapid and efficient for the extraction of labdane diterpenoids from C. forskohlii. The MSPD procedure coupled with HPLC-ELSD or HPLC-MS/MS is suitable for the quantification and identification of the diterpenoids in C. forskohlii.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Yin J, et al. Phytochem Anal 2013 Feb;24(2):117-23.
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- 20. Synergy between Glomus fasciculatum and a beneficial Pseudomonas in reducing root diseases and improving yield and forskolin content in Coleus forskohlii Briq. under organic field conditions.
Root rot and wilt, caused by a complex involving Fusarium chlamydosporum (Frag. and Cif.) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith), are serious diseases affecting the cultivation of Coleus forskohlii, a crop with economic potential as a source of the medicinal compound forskolin. The present 2-year field experiments were conducted with two bioinoculants (a native Pseudomonas monteilii strain and the exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum) alone and in combination under organic field conditions in order to evaluate their potential in controlling root rot and wilt. Combined inoculation of P. monteilii with G. fasciculatum significantly increased plant height, plant spread, and number of branches; reduced disease incidence; and increased tuber dry mass of C. forskohlii, compared to vermicompost controls not receiving any bioinoculants. Increase in tuber yields was accompanied by an increase in plant N, P, and K uptake. Co-inoculation of P. monteilii with G. fasciculatum significantly improved the percent AM root colonization and spore numbers retrieved from soil. This suggests P. monteilii to be a mycorrhiza helper bacterium which could be useful in organic agriculture. The forskolin content of tubers was significantly increased by the inoculation treatments of P. monteilii, G. fasciculatum, and P. monteilii + G. fasciculatum....(more)
Singh R, et al. Mycorrhiza 2013 Jan;23(1):35-44.
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- 21. Wound healing activity of aqueous extracts of leaves and roots of Coleus aromaticus in rats.
Present study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing activity of aqueous extract of leaves and roots of Coleus aromaticus using excisional wound model in albino rats. The aqueous extracts were prepared using maceration method and were applied as 5% and 10% ointment. The wound healing activity of these extracts was compared with a standard drug povidone-iodine ointment. The healing tissue was also tested for tensile strength, hydroxyproline content and protein content. The histopathological examination of healing tissue was also performed. Ten percent ointment of aqueous extract of root showed complete epithelization after 12 days (p <0.01) and 5% ointment of leaf extract showed complete healing after 16 days (p <0.01)....(more)
Jain AK, et al. Acta Pol Pharm 2012 Nov-Dec;69(6):1119-23.
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- 22. Metabolic diversity in Coleus forskohlii Briq. of Indian subcontinent.
New economic, easy, specific, accurate, robust, validated high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography methods with good range of linearity and sensitivity were developed for quantification of forskolin in ten samples collected from different regions of Indian subcontinent, which showed a large variation among samples (0.074-0.282%, w/w). Metabolic diversity of all the samples using HPTLC fingerprint method showed a total of 16 well separated spots. There is no significant metabolic diversity among the samples collected from different locations of Indian subcontinent, which was obtained from HPTLC fingerprinting. The results of locational variation showed highest content of forskolin in Bengaluru sample by both analytical methods. The validated quantification methods and fingerprint profile together can act as a good authentication tool for coleus as well as for other medicinal plants....(more)
Tamboli ET, et al. Nat Prod Res 2012 Dec 12.
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- 23. Hepatic cytochrome P450 mediates interaction between warfarin and Coleus forskohlii extract in vivo and in vitro.
OBJECTIVES:
This study aimed to determine whether Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE) influences the anticoagulant action of warfarin in mice in vivo and its relationship with hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP).
METHODS:
Mice were fed various doses of CFE standardised with 10% forskolin in a normal diet for one week, or in protein diets containing 7% and 20% casein (low and normal) for four weeks. They were then administered with warfarin by gavage on the last two days of the treatment regimen, and blood coagulation parameters, as well as hepatic CYP, were analysed at 18 h after the last dose. Direct interaction between CFE and forskolin with CYP2C was evaluated in vitro.
KEY FINDINGS:
CFE dose dependently increased hepatic total CYP content and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylase activity at a dietary level of ≥0.05%. Warfarin-induced anticoagulation was attenuated by CFE in parallel with CYP induction. The findings were similar in mice fed diets containing CFE and different ratios of protein. CFE directly inhibited CYP2C activity in mouse and human liver microsomes in vitro, whereas forskolin was only slightly inhibitory.
CONCLUSIONS:
CFE attenuates the anticoagulant action of warfarin by inducing hepatic CYP2C; thus, caution is required with the combination of warfarin and dietary supplements containing CFE.
© 2012 The Authors. JPP © 2012 Royal Pharmaceutical Society....(more)
Yokotani K, et al. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012 Dec;64(12):1793-801.
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- 24. Photoprotective potential of Cordyceps polysaccharides against ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA damage to human skin cells.
BACKGROUND:
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes DNA damage resulting in photoageing and skin cancer. UVB (290-320 nm) interacts directly with DNA, inducing two major photoproducts: cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts. Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is a medicinal fungus with reported anticancer and cytoprotective effects.
OBJECTIVES:
To investigate genoprotective effects of polysaccharide-rich Cordyceps mycelial components against UVB-induced damage in normal human fibroblast cells.
METHODS:
Cultured human fibroblasts (BJ cells) were treated for 30 min and, separately, for 24 h with hot water extract of Cordyceps fungal mycelia or exopolysaccharides. Cells were washed, irradiated with UVB (302 nm), and immediately lysed, after which DNA damage, as strand breaks, was measured using an enzyme-assisted comet assay that detects CPDs.
RESULTS:
DNA damage in UVB-irradiated cells was significantly lowered (P < 0·01) with Cordyceps pretreatment. Similar results were seen with 30 min and 24 h pretreatment. Specifically, and in comparison with irradiated cells with no Cordyceps pretreatment, there was a 27% reduction in CPDs in irradiated cells with 24 h pretreatment with 200 μg mL(-1) of the hot water Cordyceps extract, and a 34% reduction with 24 h pretreatment with 200 μg mL(-1) of the exopolysaccharide extract.
CONCLUSIONS:
Clear evidence of protection against UVB-induced CPDs was seen with Cordyceps mycelial extracts. Results indicate that Cordyceps may offer photoprotection and lower the risk of basal cell carcinoma, the main skin cancer caused by CPDs. Further study is needed to identify protective mechanisms.
© 2011 The Authors. BJD © 2011 British Association of Dermatologists....(more)
Wong WC, et al. Br J Dermatol 2011 May;164(5):980-6.
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- 25. [Effects of Cordyceps extract on cytokines and transcription factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic children during remission stage].
OBJECTIVE:
To explore the effects of Cordyceps extract in regulating the imbalance of Th1/Th2 ratio and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction, and to find the theoretical basis of Cordyceps extract for treating asthma in remission stage.
METHODS:
A total of 20 peripheral venous blood samples (3 mL) were collected from 20 asthmatic children during remission stage, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated by Ficoll method. PBMCs were separated into three groups (blank group, low-dose group and high-dose group). The PBMCs were incubated in vitro for 48 hours in the absence (blank group) or presence (low-dose group and high-dose group) of Cordyceps extract at different concentrations (10, 20 microg/mL). The expressions of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3) and forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor-3 (Foxp3) mRNAs in PBMCs were measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the contents of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 in supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS:
The expressions of IFN-gamma mRNA showed no significant differences among the three groups. The expressions of the IL-4 mRNA in the high-dose group and the low-dose group were lower than that in the blank group (P=0.014, P=0.011). The expression of IL-10 mRNA in the high-dose group was higher than that in the blank group (P=0.034). And the differences of the IFN-gamma mRNA/IL-4 mRNA ratio presented no statistic significance among the three groups. The level of IL-4 content in the high-dose group was lower than that in the blank group (P=0.018), but the level of IL-10 content, and ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in the high-dose group were higher than those in the blank group (P=0.011, P=0.045). The differences of the IFN-gamma presented no statistic significance among the three groups. The T-bet/GATA-3 ratio and Foxp3 mRNA expression in the high-dose group were higher than those in the blank group (P=0.001, P=0.015). There was significant difference in expression of GATA-3 mRNA between the high-dose group and the blank group (P=0.028), and between the low-dose group and the blank group (P=0.019). The expression differences of T-bet mRNA were insignificant between any two groups.
CONCLUSION:
Cordyceps extract can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of Th2 cells and reduce the expression of related cytokines by down-regulating the expression of GATA-3 mRNA and up-regulating the expression of Foxp3 mRNA in PBMCs. Meanwhile, it can alleviate the chronic allergic inflammation by increasing the content of IL-10....(more)
Sun W, et al. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2010 Apr;8(4):341-6.
Related Products: Cordyceps Extract
- 26. [Inhibitory effects of cordyceps extract on growth of colon cancer cells].
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the inhibiting effect of Cordyceps extract on the growth of colon cancer cell lines in vitro and its mechanism.
METHODS:
MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibiting effect of Cordyceps extract on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Report Gene was used to evaluate the relative NF-kappaB activity of the SW480 cells which were transfectd by pNF-kappaB-TA-Luc report gene. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the content of IkappaBalpha in SW480 cells.
RESULTS:
Cordyceps extract could inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 and SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Report gene showed that TNF-alpha enhance the activation of NF-kappaB in SW480 cells and Cordyceps extract Could decrease the activation of NF-kappaB induced by TNF-alpha in SW480 cells. Western blot analysis showed that TNF-alpha can induce the degradation of IkappaBalpha of SW480 cells and Cordyceps extract can inhibit it.
CONCLUSION:
Cordyceps extract can inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells through inhibiting the degradation of lkappaBalpha in the cell and inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB....(more)
Huang H, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2007 Mar;30(3):310-3. Chinese.
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- 27. Transcript profile analyses of maize silks reveal effective activation of genes involved in microtubule-based movement, ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, and transport in the pollination process.
Pollination is the first crucial step of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and it requires communication and coordination between the pollen and the stigma. Maize (Zea mays) is a model monocot with extraordinarily long silks, and a fully sequenced genome, but little is known about the mechanism of its pollen-stigma interactions. In this study, the dynamic gene expression of silks at four different stages before and after pollination was analyzed. The expression profiles of immature silks (IMS), mature silks (MS), and silks at 20 minutes and 3 hours after pollination (20MAP and 3HAP, respectively) were compared. In total, we identified 6,337 differentially expressed genes in silks (SDEG) at the four stages. Among them, the expression of 172 genes were induced upon pollination, most of which participated in RNA binding, processing and transcription, signal transduction, and lipid metabolism processes. Genes in the SDEG dataset could be divided into 12 time-course clusters according to their expression patterns. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that many genes involved in microtubule-based movement, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, and transport were predominantly expressed at specific stages, indicating that they might play important roles in the pollination process of maize. These results add to current knowledge about the pollination process of grasses and provide a foundation for future studies on key genes involved in the pollen-silk interaction in maize....(more)
Xu XH, et al. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e53545.
Related Products: Corn Stigma Extract
- 28. Corn silk (Stigma maydis) in healthcare: a phytochemical and pharmacological review.
Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is an important herb used traditionally by the Chinese, and Native Americans to treat many diseases. It is also used as traditional medicine in many parts of the world such as Turkey, United States and France. Its potential antioxidant and healthcare applications as diuretic agent, in hyperglycemia reduction, as anti-depressant and anti-fatigue use have been claimed in several reports. Other uses of corn silk include teas and supplements to treat urinary related problems. The potential use is very much related to its properties and mechanism of action of its plant's bioactive constituents such as flavonoids and terpenoids. As such, this review will cover the research findings on the potential applications of corn silk in healthcare which include its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. In addition, the botanical description and its toxicological studies are also included....(more)
Hasanudin K, et al. Molecules 2012 Aug 13;17(8):9697-715.
Related Products: Corn Stigma Extract
- 29. Identification of genes specifically or preferentially expressed in maize silk reveals similarity and diversity in transcript abundance of different dry stigmas.
BACKGROUND:
In plants, pollination is a critical step in reproduction. During pollination, constant communication between male pollen and the female stigma is required for pollen adhesion, germination, and tube growth. The detailed mechanisms of stigma-mediated reproductive processes, however, remain largely unknown. Maize (Zea mays L.), one of the world's most important crops, has been extensively used as a model species to study molecular mechanisms of pollen and stigma interaction. A comprehensive analysis of maize silk transcriptome may provide valuable information for investigating stigma functionality. A comparative analysis of expression profiles between maize silk and dry stigmas of other species might reveal conserved and diverse mechanisms that underlie stigma-mediated reproductive processes in various plant species.
RESULTS:
Transcript abundance profiles of mature silk, mature pollen, mature ovary, and seedling were investigated using RNA-seq. By comparing the transcriptomes of these tissues, we identified 1,427 genes specifically or preferentially expressed in maize silk. Bioinformatic analyses of these genes revealed many genes with known functions in plant reproduction as well as novel candidate genes that encode amino acid transporters, peptide and oligopeptide transporters, and cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases. In addition, comparison of gene sets specifically or preferentially expressed in stigmas of maize, rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh.) identified a number of homologous genes involved either in pollen adhesion, hydration, and germination or in initial growth and penetration of pollen tubes into the stigma surface. The comparison also indicated that maize shares a more similar profile and larger number of conserved genes with rice than with Arabidopsis, and that amino acid and lipid transport-related genes are distinctively overrepresented in maize.
CONCLUSIONS:
Many of the novel genes uncovered in this study are potentially involved in stigma-mediated reproductive processes, including genes encoding amino acid transporters, peptide and oligopeptide transporters, and cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases. The data also suggest that dry stigmas share similar mechanisms at early stages of pollen-stigma interaction. Compared with Arabidopsis, maize and rice appear to have more conserved functional mechanisms. Genes involved in amino acid and lipid transport may be responsible for mechanisms in the reproductive process that are unique to maize silk....(more)
Xu XH, et al. BMC Genomics 2012 Jul 2;13:294.
Related Products: Corn Stigma Extract
- 30. Overcoming hybridization barriers by the secretion of the maize pollen tube attractant ZmEA1 from Arabidopsis ovules.
A major goal of plant reproduction research is to understand and overcome hybridization barriers so that the gene pool of crop plants can be increased and improved upon. After successful pollen germination on a receptive stigma, the nonmotile sperm cells of flowering plants are transported via the pollen tube (PT) to the egg apparatus for the achievement of double fertilization. The PT path is controlled by various hybridization mechanisms probably involving a larger number of species-specific molecular interactions. The egg-apparatus-secreted polymorphic peptides ZmEA1 in maize and LURE1 and LURE2 in Torenia fournieri as well as TcCRP1 in T. concolor were shown to be required for micropylar PT guidance, the last step of the PT journey. We report here that ZmEA1 attracts maize PTs in vitro and arrests their growth at higher concentrations. Furthermore, it binds to the subapical region of maize PT tips in a species-preferential manner. To overcome hybridization barriers at the level of gametophytic PT guidance, we expressed ZmEA1 in Arabidopsis synergid cells. Secreted ZmEA1 enabled Arabidopsis ovules to guide maize PT in vitro in a species-preferential manner to the micropylar opening of the ovule. These results demonstrate that the egg-apparatus-controlled reproductive-isolation barrier of PT guidance can be overcome even between unrelated plant families.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Márton ML, et al. Curr Biol 2012 Jul 10;22(13):1194-8.
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- 31. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals similar and distinct features of proteins in dry and wet stigmas.
Angiosperm stigma supports compatible pollen germination and tube growth, resulting in fertilization and seed production. Stigmas are mainly divided into two types, dry and wet, according to the absence or presence of exudates on their surfaces. Here, we used 2DE and MS to identify proteins specifically and preferentially expressed in the stigmas of maize (Zea Mays, dry stigma) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, wet stigma), as well as proteins rinsed from the surface of the tobacco stigma. We found that the specifically and preferentially expressed proteins in maize and tobacco stigmas share similar distributions in functional categories. However, these proteins showed important difference between dry and wet stigmas in a few aspects, such as protein homology in "signal transduction" and "lipid metabolism," relative expression levels of proteins containing signal peptides and proteins in "defense and stress response." These different features might be related to the specific structures and functions of dry and wet stigmas. The possible roles of some stigma-expressed proteins were discussed. Our results provide important information on functions of proteins in dry and wet stigmas and reveal aspects of conservation and divergence between dry and wet stigmas at the proteomic level.
© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim....(more)
Sang YL, et al. Proteomics 2012 Jun;12(12):1983-98.
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- 32. In-vitro neuroprotective properties of the Maydis stigma extracts from four corn varieties.
Neuroprotective effect of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the silks of four Zea mays L. varieties (var. intendata, var. indurata, var. everta and var. saccharata) was evaluated by acetylcholinesterase, butrylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitions and by antioxidant activity tests against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide as well as two iron-related antioxidant methods (iron-chelation capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power). Total phenol and flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically....(more)
Kan A, et al. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012 Feb;63(1):1-4.
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- 33. Matrix solubilization and cell wall weakening by β-expansin (group-1 allergen) from maize pollen.
Beta-expansins accumulate to high levels in grass pollen, a feature apparently unique to grasses. These proteins, which are major human allergens, facilitate pollen tube penetration of the maize stigma and style (the silk). Here we report that treatment of maize silk cell walls with purified β-expansin from maize pollen led to solubilization of wall matrix polysaccharides, dominated by feruloyated highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan (60%) and homogalacturonan (35%). Such action was selective for cell walls of grasses, and indicated a target preferentially found in grass cell walls, probably the highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan. Several tests for lytic activities by β-expansin were negative and polysaccharide solubilization had weak temperature dependence, which indicated a non-enzymatic process. Concomitant with matrix solubilization, β-expansin treatment induced creep, reduced the breaking force and increased the plastic compliance of wall specimens. From comparisons of the pH dependencies of these processes, we conclude that matrix solubilization was linked closely to changes in wall plasticity and breaking force, but not so closely coupled to cell wall creep. Because matrix solubilization and increased wall plasticity have not been found with other expansins, we infer that these novel activities are linked to the specialized role of grass pollen β-expansins in promotion of penetration of the pollen tube through the stigma and style, most likely by weakening the middle lamella.
© 2011 The Authors. The Plant Journal © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd....(more)
Tabuchi A, et al. Plant J 2011 Nov;68(3):546-59.
Related Products: Corn Stigma Extract
- 34. Protective effect of maize silks (Maydis stigma) ethanol extract on radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice.
Maize silks, dried cut stigmata of maize female flowers, are a traditional medicinal plant. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of maize silks ethanol extract (MSE) against oxidative damage in vivo. γ-radiation was employed to induce oxidative stress in mice and the variation of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG), blood cells, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and related antioxidant enzymes were examined. The results showed that radiation elevate levels of MDA, induce hematological abnormalities and decrease levels of GSH/GSSG and Nrf2 expression in liver and kidney. MSE administration significantly abolished elevation of MDA levels in liver, maintained hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio and ameliorated hematological abnormalities dose dependently. Moreover, MSE up-regulated the hepatic protein expression of Nrf2 dose dependently and the activities as well as protein expression of Nrf2-related antioxidant enzymes were also increased. However, the antioxidant ability of MSE seemed not to be as effective in kidney as in liver. These findings firstly proved the protective role of MSE against oxidative stress, which was in part via up-regulation of Nrf2 and seemed to be tissue specific....(more)
Bai H, et al. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2010 Sep;65(3):271-6.
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- 35. Metabolic fingerprint of Brazilian maize landraces silk (stigma/styles) using NMR spectroscopy and chemometric methods.
Aqueous extract from maize silks is used by traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments, mainly related to the urinary system. This work focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy and chemometric analysis for the determination of metabolic fingerprint and pattern recognition of silk extracts from seven maize landraces cultivated in southern Brazil. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the (1)H NMR data set showed clear discrimination among the maize varieties by PC1 and PC2, pointing out three distinct metabolic profiles. Target compounds analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the contents of protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, t-cinnamic acid, and anthocyanins, corroborating the discrimination of the genotypes in this study as revealed by PCA analysis. Thus the combination of (1)H NMR and PCA is a useful tool for the discrimination of maize silks in respect to their chemical composition, including rapid authentication of the raw material of current pharmacological interest....(more)
Kuhnen S, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2010 Feb 24;58(4):2194-200.
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